List of Biosensors by Target

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When citing this resource, please reference the associated review paper [Pubmed]

Biosensor variant name links to biosensor details, year links to reference details.
TargetReadout MechVariants
Acetylation/Methylation
DNA methylationInten (☀)
DNA methylation BiAD☀DNA methylation BiAD sensor(2017) 
H3K9me3Inten (☀)
H3K9me3 BiAD☀H3K9me3 BiAD sensor(2017) 
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle PhasesInten (☀)
FLIM (♣)
Fucci☀TNNT2-FUCCI(2022) ♣FUCCI-Red(2021) ☀Ki67p-FUCCI(2020) ☀Fucci(CA)2.1(2017) ☀NIR cell cycle reporter(2016) ☀NIR Fucci(2016) ☀Fucci4(2016) ☀Fucci2.1(2013) ☀Fucci2(2011) ☀zFucci(2009) ☀Fucci(2008) ☀S/G2/M-X(NC)(2008) 
G1 PhaseTransloc. (⛖)
G1 Phase Biosensor⛖G1 Phase Biosensor(2009) 
S PhaseInten (☀)
Transloc. (⛖)
S Phase Biosensor☀PCNA-mRuby(2017) ⛖S Phase Biosensor(2009) 
Cell Environment
Mechanical StrainFRET (⚡)
Ex. Rat.(★)
HP35⚡HP35-TS(2015) ⚡HP35st-TS(2015) 
PriSSM★PriSSM(2008) 
stFRET⚡cpstFRET(2012) ⚡sstFRET(2011) ⚡stFRET(2008) 
TSMod⚡FL-TSM(2017) ⚡VinTS(2016) ⚡TSMod F25 (2016) ⚡VinTL(2016) ⚡TSMod(2010) 
Molecular crowdingFRET (⚡)
CrGE⚡CRONOS(2021) ⚡CrGE2.3(2020) ⚡CrGE(2015) 
Crowding sensor⚡Crowding sensor(2015) 
pHEm. Rat. (☆)
Rat. (◧)
FRET (⚡)
Inten (☀)
FLIM (♣)
Ex. Rat.(★)
deGFP☆deGFP family(2002) 
Dendra◧Dendra2(2017) 
Dual pH and Cl sensor◧ClopHensor(2010) 
E^xGFP◧E^1GFP(2007) ◧E^2GFP(2006) 
FluBpH⚡FluBpH 5.7(2017) ⚡FluBpH 6.1(2017) ⚡FluBpH 7.5(2017) 
mtAlpHi☀mtAlpHi(2004) 
Native FP pH Sensitivity♣pHLIM(2022) ☆FIRE-pHLy(2021) ⚡pH-Lemon(2019) ☀mNect(2009) ☀pHVenus(2007) ⚡CFP-YFP pH FRET(2004) ☀EGFP(1998) ☀EYFP(1998) 
pHaROS★pHaROS(2019) ★pHaROS-red(2019) ★GRX1-pHaROS(2019) 
pHCEC◧pHCECSensor01(2008) 
pHluorins★(RpH)-LAMP1-3xFLAG(2020) ⚡pH-Lemon(2019) ★ER-sfpHluorin(2018) ★pHluorin2(2011) ☀Superecliptic-pHluorin(2000) ☀Ecliptic-pHluorin(1998) ★ratiometric-pHluorin(1998) 
pHRed★mCherryEA(2018) ★pHRed(2011) 
pHTomato☀syHTomato(2012) 
pHuji☀pHuji(2014) 
pHusion◧pHusion(2012) 
SRpHi◧SRpHi1(2017) ◧SRpHi2(2017) ◧SRpHi3(2017) 
SypHer★SypHer3s(2018) ★SypHer-2(2015) ☀SypHer(2011) 
XFpH⚡GFpH(2001) ⚡YFpH(2001) 
TemperatureFRET (⚡)
Rat. (◧)
Inten (☀)
ELP⚡ELP-TEMP(2021) 
gTEMP◧B-gTEMP(2022) ◧gTEMP(2017) 
mRFP☀mRFP1(2015) 
tsGFP☀tsGFP1(2013) ☀tsGFP2(2013) 
V+Inten (☀)
FRET (⚡)
BRET (◓)
Rat. (◧)
ArcLight Species Variants☀Frog Q174 ArcLight(2013) ☀Chicken Q175 ArcLight(2013) ☀Zebrafish Q175 ArcLight(2013) ☀Human Q193 ArcLight (2013) 
Ci-VSP based sensors☀ASAP4b(2023) ☀ASAP4e(2023) ⚡nirButterfly(2020) ☀Red-GEVIs(2019) ☀ASAP3(2019) ☀Marina(2017) ◓LOTUS-V(2017) ☀VSD-FR189-188(2017) ◧tdFlicR-VK-ASAP(2016) ☀tdFlicR1 delta 110AR(2016) ☀ASAP2f(2016) ☀FlicR1(2016) ☀FlicGR1(2016) ⚡Nabi2.213(2015) ☀Bongwoori(2015) ☀ArcLightning(2015) ⚡Chimeric VSFP-Butterfly CY(2014) ⚡Chimeric VSFP-Butterfly YR(2014) ☀ASAP1(2014) ⚡Mermaid2(2013) ⚡VSFP-CR(2012) ☀ArcLight A242(2012) ☀ElectricPk(2012) ⚡Chimera Cx(2012) ⚡VSFP Butterfly 1.2(2012) ⚡VSFP2.3(2010) ⚡VSFP2.42(2010) ⚡VSFP2.4(2009) ⚡Mermaid(2008) ☀VSFP3.1(2008) ⚡VSFP2.1(2007) 
Danio VSP based sensor☀Zahra 1 SE (227D) series(2015) ☀Zahara 2 SE (227D)(2015) ⚡Zahra 2(2012) ⚡Zahra 1(2012) 
Kv Based V sensors☀FlaSh IR(2002) ☀FlaSh L366A(2002) ⚡FlaSH (CFP) + FlaSh (YFP)(2002) ⚡VSFP1(2001) ☀FlaSh(1997) 
Na Channel based V Sensors☀SPARC(2002) 
Nematostella VSP based sensors⚡Nema(2012) 
rhodopsin based V sensors☀QuasAr6b(2023) ☀QuasAR6a(2023) ⚡Positron(2020) ☀Voltron(2019) ☀Archon2(2018) ☀VARNAM(2018) ☀Archon1(2018) ◧vArch1.0(2016) ☀FRET-opsin Ace2N-mNeon(2015) ☀FRET-opsin Ace1Q-mNeon(2015) ☀QuasAr2(2014) ☀QuasAr1(2014) ☀Archer1(2014) ⚡eFRET GEVI(2014) ☀MacQ-mCitrine(2014) ☀MacQ-mOrange2(2014) ☀FRET-opsin Mac-mCitrine(2014) ☀Arch-EEx variants(2013) ☀PROPS(2011) ☀Arch(D95N)(2011) 
Cellular Analytes
2OGInten (☀)
mOGsor☀mOGsor(2014) 
ADPFRET (⚡)
ADPrime⚡ADPrime(2019) 
AmmoniumRat. (◧)
Inten (☀)
AmTrac◧AmTryoshika1;3-LS-F138I -T78H(2017) ◧AmTryoshika1;3-LS-F138I(2017) ☀AmTrac(2013) 
ArabinoseFRET (⚡)
FLIPara⚡FLIPara-250n(2008) 
ArgFRET (⚡)
FRET Arg Reporter⚡FRET Arg Reporter(2007) 
ATPBRET (◓)
FRET (⚡)
Inten (☀)
Biolum. (⚫)
Ex. Rat.(★)
ATeam◓ARSeNL-ATP(2019) ◓BTeam(2016) ⚡ATeam1.03NL(2013) ⚡GO-Ateam(2011) ⚡ATeam1.03(2009) ⚡ATeam3.10(2009) 
EAF-based ATP biosensor⚡EAF-ATP(2013) 
iATPSnFR☀iATPSnFR1.0(2019) ☀iATPSnFR1.1(2019) 
MaLion☀MaLionG(2018) ☀MaLionR(2018) ☀MaLionB(2018) 
Nano-lantern ATP⚫Nano-lantern ATP(2012) 
QUEEN★QUEEN-7mu(2014) ★QUEEN-2m(2014) 
Syn-ATP⚫Syn-ATP(2014) 
ATP:ADP RatioEx. Rat.(★)
Perceval★PercevalHR(2013) ★Perceval(2009) 
BCAAFRET (⚡)
OLIVe⚡OLIVe(2019) 
BDNFFRET (⚡)
Bescell⚡Bescell(2008) 
cAMPInten (☀)
FRET (⚡)
BRET (◓)
Rat. (◧)
Biolum. (⚫)
cADDis☀cADDis-green(2016) 
camps⚡cAMPFIRE-L(2022) ⚡cAMPFIRE-M(2022) ⚡cAMPFIRE-H(2022) ⚡Epac2-camps300-cit(2010) ⚡Epac2-camps300(2009) ⚡HCN2-camps(2006) ⚡PKA-camps(2004) ⚡Epac1-camps(2004) ⚡Epac2-camps(2004) 
CAMYEL◓CAMYEL(2007) 
CUTie⚡CUTie(2017) 
Epac-S⚡Epac-S H187(2015) ⚡Epac-S H188(2015) ⚡H96(2011) ⚡H74(2011) ⚡H81: GFP(nd)-EPAC(dDEP)-mRFP (2008) ⚡H90: CFP(nd)-EPAC(dDEP/CD)-cp173Venus(d)(2008) ⚡H84: CFP(nd)-EPAC(dDEP/CD)-Venus(d)(2008) 
Epac1 (delta DEP-CD) based cAMP biosensors⚡CEPAC*(2011) ⚡CFP-Epac(delta DEP-CD)-YFP(2004) 
Flamindo☀Pink Flamindo(2017) ☀Flamindo2(2014) ☀Flamindo(2013) 
FPX◧pPHT-PKA(2015) 
ICUE⚡GR-ICUE2(2020) ☀RAB-ICUE(2018) ⚡ICUE-YR(2011) ⚡ICUPID(2011) ⚡ICUE3(2009) ⚡ICUE2(2008) ◓Rluc-EPAC-YFP(2008) ⚡ICUE1(2004) 
mCRIS based cAMP biosensor⚡cit-mCNBD-cer(2013) 
mICNBD☀DDcAMP(2022) ☀G-Flamp1(2022) ☀G-Flamp2(2022) ☀G-Flamp2b(2022) 
mICNBD-FRET⚡mICNBD-FRET(2016) 
Nano-lantern cAMP⚫Nano-lantern cAMP1.6(2012) 
R-FlincA☀R-FlincA(2018) 
R1alpha #7⚡R1alpha #7(2016) 
Split Luc cAMP biosensor⚫22F(2011) ⚫Split Luc cAMP biosensor(2008) 
YFP-PKAc + CFP-PKAr◓R1-Rluc + GFP-C(2006) ◓R2-Rluc + GFP-C(2006) ⚡delta PKA RIIb-CFP + PKAc-YFP(2006) ⚡YFP-PKAc + CFP-PKAr(R230K)(2004) ⚡YFP-PKAc + CFP-PKAr(2002) ⚡PKAc-S65T + PKArII-EBFP(2000) 
cGMPFRET (⚡)
Inten (☀)
Rat. (◧)
Ex. Rat.(★)
cGES⚡ThPDE5VV(2019) ☀Cygnus(2010) ⚡cGES-DE5(2006) 
cGKI based cGMP sensors⚡cGi family(2007) 
cGull☀Green-cGull(2017) 
CGY⚡CGY-del1(2000) 
CUTie⚡CUTie2(2021) 
cyGNAL◧cyGNAL(2019) 
cygnet⚡cygnet-2.1(2005) ⚡cygnet-2(2001) 
FlincG⚡FGA^M(2013) ☀H6-FGB(2013) ★delta-FlincG(2008) 
PfPKG⚡PfPKG Yellow(2019) ⚡Red PfPKG(2019) 
CitrateFRET (⚡)
FLIP-Cit⚡FLIP-Cit-Y(2011) 
COInten (☀)
COSer☀COSer(2012) 
F-1,6-BPFRET (⚡)
Inten (☀)
fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate⚡HYlight(2022) ☀Glycolytic Flux Sensor(2019) 
GlnFRET (⚡)
FLIPQ⚡FLIPQ-TV3.0(2012) 
GlucoseFRET (⚡)
FLIPglu⚡FLII^12Pglu-Y Series(2008) ⚡FLIPglu-Y delta 13 (2006) ⚡FLII^XPglu-Y Series (2005) ⚡FLIPglu-600u-delta(X) series(2005) ⚡FLIPglu-Y series(2003) 
GIP⚡AcGFP1-GBPcys-mCherry(2010) ⚡GIP C_0Y_i(2008) ⚡GIP(2003) 
GTPEx. Rat.(★)
GEVAL★GEVAL30(2017) ★GEVAL260(2017) ★GEVAL530(2017) ★GEVAL1150(2017) ★GEVAL2300(2017) 
HemeFRET (⚡)
Rat. (◧)
Inten (☀)
CHY⚡CH49Y(2017) 
CISDY⚡CISDY-9(2015) 
Fluorescence quenching Heme◧HS1(2016) ◧HS1-M7A(2016) ☀CG6(2012) 
HisRat. (◧)
FRET (⚡)
FHisJ◧FHisJ(2017) 
FLIP-HisJ⚡FLIP-cpHisJ194(2009) 
InsulinRat. (◧)
RINS◧RINS1(2017) 
LactateFRET (⚡)
Laconic⚡Laconic(2013) 
LCACoAsRat. (◧)
LACSer sensor◧LACSer(2021) 
maltoseBRET (◓)
FRET (⚡)
Inten (☀)
FLIPmal◓GFP2-MBP-RLuc2(2013) ⚡FLIPmal-Y delta1(2008) ⚡FLIPmal-Y Series(2002) 
MBP☀PPYF-green(2011) 
NAD+Inten (☀)
FRET (⚡)
NAD+ Biosensor☀NAD+ Biosensor(2016) 
NAD-Snifit⚡NAD-Snifit(2018) 
NAD+/NADH RatioRat. (◧)
Ex. Rat.(★)
Inten (☀)
Peredox◧Peredox(2011) 
SoNar★SoNar(2015) 
T-Rex Based☀RexYFP(2014) 
NADHInten (☀)
Frex☀Frex(2011) ☀FrexH(2011) 
O2Inten (☀)
FRET (⚡)
dUnOHR hypoxia-reoxygenation sensor☀dUnOHR hypoxia-reoxygenation sensor(2016) 
FluBO⚡FluBO(2012) 
PnInten (☀)
EcPhnD based☀EcPhnD-cpGFP(2011) 
PyruvateInten (☀)
FRET (⚡)
PdhR Based☀PyronicSF(2020) ⚡PYRATES(2017) ⚡Pyronic(2014) 
riboseFRET (⚡)
FLIPrib⚡FLIPrib-Y(2003) 
sucroseFRET (⚡)
FLIPsuc⚡FLIPsuc-Y(2006) 
TrehaloseFRET (⚡)
FLIP⚡FLIPSuc90μ∆1Venus(2016) 
TrpFRET (⚡)
FLIPW⚡FLIPW(2007) 
Ions
As3+FRET (⚡)
SenALiB⚡SenALiB(2019) 
Ca2+FLIM (♣)
Inten (☀)
BRET (◓)
Biolum. (⚫)
FRET (⚡)
Em. Rat. (☆)
Rat. (◧)
Ex. Rat.(★)
Ca-FLITS♣Tq-Ca-FLITS(2021) 
Ca2+ Snapshot☀FLiCRE(2020) ☀Cal-Light(2017) ☀FLARE(2017) 
CaMBI◓Orange CaMBI 110(2019) ◓Orange CaMBI 300(2019) ⚫Blue CaMBI(2019) ◓Green CaMBI(2019) 
Cameleons♣4mtD3mC3(2019) ◓D3 BRET(2015) ⚡D1GO-Cam(2012) ⚡CaYin1(2011) ⚡CaYang1(2011) ⚡YC-Nano(2010) ⚡D3cpv(2006) ⚡D4cpV(2006) ⚡YC3.60(2004) ⚡D1(2004) ⚡YC2.12(2002) ⚡YC6.1(2001) ⚡YC2.1(1999) ⚡Cameleon 3(1997) ⚡Split-Cameleon(1997) 
Camgaroo☀Camgaroo2(2001) ☀Camgaroo1(1999) 
CaMPARI☀CaMPARI2(2018) ☀CaMPARI(2015) 
CASE☀Case12(2007) ☀Case16(2007) 
CatchER☀CatchER(2011) 
ddFP Ca2+ sensor☀ddRFP Ca2+ sensor(2012) 
ER-GCaMP☀ER-GCaMP6-210(2017) ☀ER-GCaMP6-150(2017) ☀ER-GCaMP3-373 / GCaMPer-10.19(2015) ☀CEPIA1er(2014) 
ER-GECO☀G-CEPIA1er(2014) ☀R-CEPIA1er(2014) ☆GEM-CEPIA1er(2014) 
FGCaMP☀FRCaMP(2020) ◧FGCaMP7(2020) ★FGCaMP(2017) 
FPX Ca2+ Sensors◧single polypeptide FPX Ca2+ sensor(2015) ◧tripartate FPX Ca2+ Sensor(2015) 
GAF-CaMP☀GAF-CaMP3-sfGFP(2020) ☀GAF-CaMP2(2019) ☀GAF-CaMP(2018) 
GAP☀GAP3(2016) ☀GAP1(2014) 
GCaMP☀jGCaMP8(2023) ☀GCaMP6s-Q(2022) ☀jYCaMP1(2020) ☀jYCaMP1s(2020) ☀GCaMP7(2019) ☀axon-GCaMP6(2018) ☀ncpGCaMP6s(2018) ◧MatryoshCaMP6s(2017) ◧sfMatryoshCaMP6s-T78H(2017) ◧sfMatryoshCaMP6s(2017) ◧GCaMP-R-3(2017) ◧GCaMP-R-6f(2017) ◧GCaMP-R-6s(2017) ☀GCaMP3fast(2015) ☀GCaMP3bright(2015) ☀GCaMP2.2Low(2014) ☀GCaMP6m(2013) ☀GCaMP6s(2013) ☀GCaMP6f(2013) ☀G-CaMP 3-8 (Nakai Variants)(2012) ☀GCaMP5G(2012) ☀GCaMP-HS(2011) ☀GCaMP3(2009) ☀GCaMP2(2006) ☀GCaMP(2001) 
GECO☀NEMO(2023) ☀NIR-GECO2(2020) ☀R-CEPIA4mt(2020) ☀R-CEPIA3mt(2020) ☀mNG-GECO1(2020) ☀NIR-GECO1(2019) ◓LUCI-GECO1(2018) ☀K-GECO1(2018) ☀jRGECO1a(2016) ★REX-GECO(2014) ☀LAR-GECO(2014) ☀R-GECO1.2(2013) ☀CAR-GECO(2013) ☀O-GECO(2013) ☀GR-GECO(2013) ☀G-GECO1.1(2011) ★GEX-GECO(2011) ☆GEM-GECO(2011) ☀R-GECO1(2011) ☀B-GECO(2011) ☀G-GECO1.2(2011) ☀G-GECO1(2011) 
Nano-lantern Ca2+◓CeNL(Ca2+)_110u(2018) ◓CeNL(Ca2+)_19u(2018) ◓GeNL(Ca2+)(2016) ◓CNL (Ca2+) (2015) ◓ONL (Ca2+)(2015) ⚫Nano-lantern Ca2+(2012) 
NCaMP☀NCaMP7(2020) 
NTnC☀YTnC(2018) ☀iYTnC2(2018) ☀NTnC(2016) 
pericam☀flash-pericam(2001) ☀inverse-pericam(2001) ◧ratiometric-pericam(2001) 
RCaMP☀jRCaMP1a(2016) ☀jRCaMP1b(2016) ☀R-CaMP2(2015) ☀RCaMP1h(2013) ☀R-CaMP1.07(2012) 
TN Ca2+ Sensors◓CalfluxVTN(2016) ⚡Twitch series(2014) ⚡RS-TN-XL(2013) ⚡YO-TnC1.0(2012) ⚡TN-XXL(2008) ⚡TN-XL(2006) ⚡TN-L15(2004) ⚡TN-humTnC(2004) 
Cd2+FRET (⚡)
Cd-FRET⚡Cd-FRET2(2011) 
Cu+Inten (☀)
FRET (⚡)
CreiLOV☀CreiLOV(2020) 
Yeast Copper regulator based⚡Ace1-FRET(2011) ⚡Mac1-FRET(2011) ⚡Amt1-FRET(2010) 
Halide IonsFRET (⚡)
Rat. (◧)
Inten (☀)
Clomeleon⚡SuperClomeleon(2013) ⚡Cl-sensor(2008) ⚡Clomeleon(2000) 
Dual pH and Cl sensor◧ER-LSSmsfClopHensor(2022) ◧LSSmClopHensor(2016) ◧ClopHensor(2010) 
Halide Sensitive Fluorescent Proteins☀mBeRFP-S94V/R205Y(2021) ☀GR1(2021) ☀mNeonGreen-R195Y(2019) ☀phiYFP(2019) ☀Cl-YFP(2014) ☀ClsM(2014) ☀YFP(H148Q, I152L)(2001) ☀YFP(H148Q)(2000) 
Hg(II)Inten (☀)
eGFP based Hg sensor☀eGFP205C(2008) 
IFP based Hg sensor☀IFP based Hg sensor(2011) 
K+FRET (⚡)
Inten (☀)
GEPII⚡KIRIN1-GR(2019) ⚡KIRIN1(2019) ⚡GEPII 1.0(2017) 
GINKO☀KRaION1(2022) ☀GINKO2(2022) ☀GINKO1(2019) 
Ln3+FRET (⚡)
LaMP⚡LaMP1(2019) 
Mg2+FRET (⚡)
Rat. (◧)
MagFRET⚡MARIO(2018) ⚡MagFRET-1(2013) 
MagIC◧MagIC(2015) 
Mn2+FRET (⚡)
MnLaMP⚡MnLaMP1(2022) ⚡MnLaMP2(2022) 
PhosphateFRET (⚡)
FLIPPi⚡FLIPPi-30m(2006) ⚡FLIPPi-5mu(2006) 
Zn2+BRET (◓)
FRET (⚡)
Inten (☀)
Rat. (◧)
Atox1 WD4 Based Zn2+ Probes◓BLCALWY-1(2016) ⚡redCALWY(2013) ⚡eCALWY series (2009) ⚡CALWY(2007) ⚡CFP-Atox1 + WD4-YFP(2006) 
GZnP☀GZnP3(2019) ☀GZnP2(2018) ☀GZnP1(2016) 
Minimal Zinc Finger Based Zn Probes☀FRISZ(2023) ◧ZifCV1.173(2019) ☀ZIBG2(2019) ☀ZnGreen2(2016) ⚡mito-ZifCY1.173(2012) ⚡Cys2Hys2 - Zn2+ Sensor(2009) ⚡His4-Zn2+ sensor(2009) 
Zap1 Based Zn Probes☀RZnP1(2022) ☀ZIBG1(2019) ⚡ZapCV2(2017) ⚡ZapCV5(2017) ☀ZnGreen1(2016) ⚡ZapCY1(2011) ⚡ZapCY2(2011) ⚡ZF1/2-FRET(2006) 
ZinCh◓BLZinCh-2(2016) ◓BLZinCh-3(2016) ⚡eZinCh-2(2015) ⚡eZinCh-1(2011) ⚡Cly9-2His(2008) ⚡ZinCh-x(2007) 
Kinases/Phosphatases
AblFRET (⚡)
Abl Indicator⚡Abl Indicator(2001) 
AktFRET (⚡)
Transloc. (⛖)
Ex. Rat.(★)
FLIM (♣)
Akind⚡Akind(2006) 
Akt translocation Reporters⛖Akt-FoxO3a-KTR-EGFP(2016) ⛖FoxO1-clover(2015) 
AktAR★ExRai-AktAR2(2021) ⚡VstagAktAR(2020) ★ExRai-AktAR(2018) ⚡AktAR2(2015) ⚡AktAR(2008) 
AktUS⚡Aktus(2003) 
BKAR⚡BKAR v2(2014) ⚡BKAR(2005) 
Dual Labeled Akt⚡GFP-PKB-RFP(2007) ♣GFP-AKT-YFP(2003) 
Eevee-Akt⚡Eevee-iAkt(2014) ⚡Eevee-Akt(2011) 
ReAktion⚡ReAktion1(2007) 
AMPKFRET (⚡)
AMPfret⚡AMPfret 2.1(2019) 
AMPKAR⚡AMPKAR-EV(2017) ⚡bimABKAR(2015) ⚡ABKAR(2015) ⚡AMPKAR(2011) 
ATM kinaseFRET (⚡)
ATOMIC⚡ATOMIC(2007) 
Aurora B kinaseFRET (⚡)
Aurora B sensor⚡Aurora B sensor (Chu)(2011) ⚡Aurora B Sensor (Fuller)(2008) 
Aurora Kinase AFLIM (♣)
FRET (⚡)
AURKA Biosensor♣ShadowG-AURKA-mTurquoise2(2019) ⚡GFP-AURKA-GFP(2019) ♣ShadowY-AURKA-mTurquoise2(2019) ⚡superYFP-AURKA-mTurquose2(2019) ⚡AURKA Biosensor(2016) 
B-RafFRET (⚡)
Prin-BRaf⚡Prin-BRaf(2006) 
Bcr-AblFRET (⚡)
Pickles⚡Pickles-2.3(2010) 
C-RafFRET (⚡)
Prin-CRaf⚡Prin-CRaf(2005) 
CaMKIIFLIM (♣)
FRET (⚡)
Camui♣Camui-mRmC(2016) ♣ShadowG-Camui(2015) ⚡Camui?-CR (Clover-mRuby2)(2012) ♣green-Camui (alpha)(2009) ♣mRFP/GFP-Camui(2008) ⚡Camui(2005) 
FRESCA⚡FRESCA(2019) 
K2alpha⚡YC-K2alpha(2013) ⚡RY-K2alpha(2013) ⚡RS-K2Alpha(2013) 
CaNFRET (⚡)
CaN Activation⚡RY-CaN(2013) ⚡YC-CaN(2013) 
CaNAR⚡CaNAR2(2014) ⚡CaNAR1(2008) 
CaNARi⚡CaNARi(2014) 
DuoCaN⚡DuoCaN(2015) ⚡UniCaN(2015) 
CDK1FRET (⚡)
CyclinB1-Cdk1 activity sensor⚡CyclinB1-Cdk1 activity sensor V2(2014) ⚡CyclinB1-Cdk1 activity sensor V1(2010) 
CDK2Transloc. (⛖)
CDK2 Translocation Reporter⛖DHB-Ven(2013) 
DAPK1FRET (⚡)
DAPK1 sensor⚡DAPK1(2011) 
EGFRFRET (⚡)
ECaus⚡ECaus(2008) 
EGFR Reporter⚡EGFR Reporter(2001) 
FLAME⚡FLAME(2004) ⚡PTB-EYFP, EGFR-ECFP(2004) 
Picchu-Z⚡Picchu-Z(2005) 
ERKFRET (⚡)
Inten (☀)
FLIM (♣)
BRET (◓)
Transloc. (⛖)
FLINC (◀)
Rat. (◧)
EAS⚡EAS3(2005) 
EKAR⚡EKAR4(2020) ⚡fRR-EKARev(2020) ⚡VV FLARE EKAR(2018) ⚡C3C3 FLARE EKAR(2018) ⚡mCh-mCh FLARE EKAR(2018) ⚡VcpV FLARE EKAR(2018) ☀RAB-EKARev(2018) ♣EKARet(2017) ♣EKAR^dual(2017) ⚡bimEKAR(2015) ⚡EKAR3(2015) ⚡EKAREV-TVV(2014) ⚡EKAR-TVV(2014) ◓REV(2013) ⚡EKAR2G(2013) ⚡EKAREV(2011) ⚡EKAR(2008) 
ERK-KTR⛖ERK-KTR(2014) 
Erkus⚡Erkus(2007) 
ERKy⚡ERKy(2012) 
FLINC-EKAR1◀FLINC-EKAR1(2017) 
FPX ERK◧FPX EKAR(2015) 
Miu2⚡Miu2(2006) 
FAKFRET (⚡)
FAK Activation Biosensor⚡CYFAK413(2008) 
FAK Autophosphorylation Biosensor⚡FAK Autophosphorylation Biosensor(2008) 
FAK sensor⚡FAK sensor(2011) 
Fus3Transloc. (⛖)
Far1-SKARS⛖Far1-SKARS(2015) 
GCKFRET (⚡)
GCK Activation Biosensors⚡FRET-GCK (cp173-mCer3/mVen)(2016) ⚡FRET-GCK (mCer/mVen)(2011) ⚡Cerulean-GCK-mCit(2004) ⚡FRET-GCK(2002) 
H3-S10pFRET (⚡)
H3S10p biosensor⚡H3S10p biosensor(2018) 
H3-S28pFRET (⚡)
Histone Phosphorylation reporter⚡Histone Phosphorylation reporter(2004) 
INSRBRET (◓)
FRET (⚡)
Inten (☀)
Insulin Receptor Activation BRET assay◓Insulin Receptor Activation BRET assay(2001) 
Phocus⚡Phocus2(2002) ⚡Phocus-2pp nes(2002) 
sinphos☀cyan-sinphos(2004) ☀green-sinphos(2004) ☀yellow-sinphos(2004) 
JNKFRET (⚡)
Transloc. (⛖)
dJUN-FRET⚡dJUN-FRET(2008) 
JNK-KTR⛖JNK-KTR(2014) 
JNKAR⚡NIR JNKAR(2018) ⚡bimJNKAR(2015) ⚡JNKAR1EV(2011) ⚡JNKAR1(2010) 
JuCKY⚡JuCKY(0) 
Kss1Transloc. (⛖)
Ste7-SKARS⛖Ste7-SKARS(2015) 
LATSBiolum. (⚫)
LATS-BS⚫LATS-BS(2018) 
LckFRET (⚡)
Lck Activation sensor⚡CLckY-2(2009) 
MAPK or MK2FRET (⚡)
GMB⚡GMB(2001) 
MARKFRET (⚡)
MARK sensor⚡MARK-AR1(2011) 
Mpk1Transloc. (⛖)
Mkk2-SKARS⛖Mkk2-SKARS(2015) 
mTORC1FRET (⚡)
TORCAR⚡TORCAR(2015) 
p38FRET (⚡)
Transloc. (⛖)
p38 activity reporter⚡p38 activity reporter(2015) 
p38-KTR⛖mKO-MK2(2018) ⛖p38-KTR(2014) 
PAK1FRET (⚡)
Pakabi⚡Pakabi(2009) 
PDGFRFRET (⚡)
PDGFR Biosensor⚡PDGFR Biosensor(2017) 
PDK1FRET (⚡)
PARE⚡PARE(2011) 
PKAFRET (⚡)
Ex. Rat.(★)
FLIM (♣)
Inten (☀)
Biolum. (⚫)
FLINC (◀)
Transloc. (⛖)
AKAR⚡FluoSTEP-AKAR(2021) ★ExRai-AKAR2(2020) ⚡GR-AKAR3(2020) ⚡Booster-PKA(2020) ★ExRai-AKAR(2018) ♣tAKAR alpha(2018) ⚡C3cpC3 FLARE AKAR(2018) ⚡C3C3 FLARE AKAR(2018) ⚡mCh-mCh FLARE AKAR(2018) ⚡VV FLARE AKAR(2018) ⚡VcpV FLARE AKAR(2018) ☀RAB-AKARev(2018) ☀blueAKAR(2018) ☀sapphireAKAR(2018) ⚡NIR AKAR(2018) ♣AKARet(2017) ♣AKAR5(2017) ♣AKAR^dual(2017) ⚡AKAR4.1(2015) ♣FLIM-AKAR(2014) ⚡AKAR-CR(2012) ⚫LumAKAR(2011) ⚡bimAKAR(2011) ⚡AKAR3EV(2011) ⚡AKAR4(2011) ⚡ICUPID(2011) ⚡AKAR-GR(2011) ⚡CRY-AKAR(2008) ⚡AKAR3(2006) ⚡AKAR2(2005) ⚡AKAR1(2001) 
ART⚡ART(2000) 
FLINC-AKAR1◀DrFLINC-AKAR(2021) ◀FLINC-AKAR1(2017) 
PKA-KTR⛖PKA-KTR(2014) 
RLuc-PCA PKA⚫RLuc-PCA PKA(2007) 
Single Color PKA sensor☀GAk(2014) 
PKCFRET (⚡)
Ex. Rat.(★)
Inten (☀)
FLIM (♣)
CKAR⚡aCKAR(2019) ★ExRai-CKAR(2018) ☀sapphireCKAR(2018) ☀blueCKAR(2018) ⚡deltaCKAR(2010) ⚡CKAR(2003) 
Eevee-PKC⚡Eevee-PKC(2011) 
IDOCKS♣IDOCKSalpha(2018) ♣IDOCKSbeta(2018) ♣IDOCKSgamma(2018) 
ITRACK♣ITRACKalpha(2018) ♣ITRACKbeta(2018) ♣ITRACKgamma(2018) 
KCP⚡KCAP-1(2006) ⚡KCP-2(2006) ⚡KCP-1(2004) 
PKDFRET (⚡)
Rat. (◧)
DKAR⚡DKAR(2007) 
G-PKDrep⚡G-PKDrep live(2012) ◧G-PKDrep(2009) 
PKM2FRET (⚡)
PKAR⚡PKAR2.3(2013) 
PTENBRET (◓)
Rluc-PTEN-YFP◓Rluc-PTEN-YFP(2014) 
ROCKFRET (⚡)
Eevee-ROCK⚡Eevee-ROCK(2017) 
RSKFRET (⚡)
Eevee-RSK⚡Eevee-RSK(2011) 
RTKFRET (⚡)
Picchu⚡PicchuEV(2011) ⚡Picchu(2001) 
S6KFRET (⚡)
Eevee-S6K⚡Eevee-S6K(2011) 
SAP3KFRET (⚡)
SAP3K⚡SAP3K(2009) 
SnRK2.6/OST1FRET (⚡)
SNACS⚡SNACS(2020) 
SrcFRET (⚡)
Src Indicator⚡TsStagSrcAR(2020) ⚡BG-Src1.0(2013) ⚡YO-Src1.0(2012) ⚡Src Reporter (ECFP/YPet)(2008) ⚡Src Reporter(2005) ⚡Src Indicator(2001) 
Srcus⚡Srcus(2007) 
ZAP-70FRET (⚡)
ROZA⚡ROZA(2008) 
Metabolites
aspartateInten (☀)
iSnFR☀jAspSnFR3(2024) 
malonyl-CoABiolum. (⚫)
FapR-NLuc⚫FapR-NLuc(2019) 
Neurotransmitters
5-HTFRET (⚡)
Inten (☀)
5-HT 3A CNiFER⚡5-HT 3A LGIC CNiFER(2011) 
dLight☀5HT2A-dLight(2018) 
G-GESS☀G-GESS(2021) 
GRAB-5HT☀GRAB-5HT(2021) 
iSnFR☀iSeroSnFR(2020) 
AChFRET (⚡)
Inten (☀)
ACh CNiFER⚡α4β2-nAChR LGIC CNiFER(2011) ⚡α7 LGIC CNiFER(2011) ⚡M1-CNiFER(2010) 
ACh-Snifit⚡ACh-Snifit-D(2014) ⚡ACh-Snifit-E(2014) ⚡ACh-Snifit^WA-E(2014) 
GACh☀GACh1.0(2018) ☀GACh2.0(2018) 
DopamineInten (☀)
FRET (⚡)
dLight : Dopamine☀RdLight1(2020) ☀dLight1.2(2018) 
Dopamine CNiFER⚡D2 CNiFER(2014) 
GRAB-DA☀rDA1(2020) ☀GRAB_DA1m(2018) ☀GRAB_DA1h(2018) 
eCBInten (☀)
GRAB-eCB☀GRAB-eCB2.0(2022) 
GABAFRET (⚡)
Inten (☀)
GABA-Snifit⚡GABA-Snifit(2012) 
iGABASnFR☀iGABASnFR(2019) 
GlutamateFRET (⚡)
Inten (☀)
FLIP Glt⚡FLIP-cpGltI210(2009) 
FLIPE⚡FLIPE-Y Series(2005) ⚡FLIPE-Y Surface series(2005) ⚡FLII^81PE-1u(2005) 
GluSnFR⚡superGluSnFR(2008) 
iGluSnFR☀iGluSnFR3 (2023) ☀iGlu_u(2018) ☀iGlu_f(2018) ☀iGluSnFR(2013) 
QBP based Gln Sensor⚡Gln D157N reporter(2010) 
Snifit-iGluR5⚡Snifit-iGluR5(2012) 
GlycineFRET (⚡)
glycine FRET sensor⚡GlyFS(2018) 
NEFRET (⚡)
NE CNiFER⚡α1A CNiFER(2014) 
NicotineInten (☀)
iNicSnFR☀iNicSnFR3a(2019) 
Orexin NeuropeptideInten (☀)
dLight : Orexin☀OxLight1(2022) 
OxytocinInten (☀)
GRAB-OT☀GRAB-OT1.0(2023) 
Other PTMs
K27H3 methyltransferaseFRET (⚡)
K27 Reporter⚡K27 Reporter(2004) 
K9H3 methyltransferaseFRET (⚡)
K9 Reporter⚡H3K9me3 Biosensor(2018) ⚡K9 Reporter(2004) 
OGTFRET (⚡)
O-GlcNAc Sensor⚡O-GlcNAc Sensor(2006) 
UbiquitinationInten (☀)
REACh-Ubiquitin☀REACh-Ubiquitin(2006) 
Other Signaling Proteins
Annexin 4FRET (⚡)
NEX4⚡ORNEX4(2008) ⚡CYNEX4(2006) 
BaxTransloc. (⛖)
Bax Translocation reporter⛖Bax Translocation reporter(2016) 
beta Arrestin 2BRET (◓)
Beta Arrestin 2 ubiquitination biosensor◓Beta Arrestin 2 ubiquitination biosensor(2004) 
CaMFRET (⚡)
BSCaM⚡BSCaM2(1999) ⚡BSCaM1(1997) 
MLCK-FIP⚡MLCK-FIP(2002) 
CRACTransloc. (⛖)
PH(crac)-GFP⛖PH(crac)-GFP(2002) 
CREBFRET (⚡)
ICAP⚡ICAP(2010) 
Histone AcetylationFRET (⚡)
Histac⚡Histac-H3K9/14(2016) ⚡Histac-H4K12(2011) ⚡Histac-H4K5/8(2009) 
MLKLFRET (⚡)
SMART⚡mSMART(2018) ⚡hSMART(2018) 
N-WASPFRET (⚡)
N-WASP BS⚡N-WASP BS(2004) 
PMCAFRET (⚡)
PMCA Activity Sensor⚡BFP-PMCA-GFP(2007) 
PI/lipid
3prime IPTransloc. (⛖)
FRET (⚡)
GFP AKT domains⛖GFP-AH(1999) ⛖GFP-Akt(1999) 
Homo FRET mCherry-Akt-PH⚡mCherry-Akt-PH(2015) 
InPAkt⚡InPAkt(2005) 
DAGTransloc. (⛖)
FRET (⚡)
Cys1-GFP⛖Cys1-GFP(1998) ⛖C1_2-GFP(1998) 
Daglas⚡Daglas-pm1(2006) ⚡Daglas-em1(2006) ⚡Daglas-mit1(2006) 
DAGR⚡DAGR(2003) 
Digda⚡Digda(2008) 
Ins(1,3,4,5)P4Ex. Rat.(★)
Btk PH domain based★Btk-cpGFP(2009) 
IP3FRET (⚡)
BRET (◓)
Transloc. (⛖)
FIRE⚡FIRE-1(2006) ⚡FIRE-2(2006) ⚡FIRE-3(2006) 
fretino◓bretino(2015) ⚡FRET InsP3 sensor(2015) ⚡fretino-2(2005) 
GFP-PH⛖GFP-PHD(1999) 
IRIS⚡IRIS-1(2006) 
LIBRA⚡LIBRAVIIIS(2009) ⚡LIBRAvIII(2009) ⚡LIBRAvII(2009) ⚡LIBRAvI(2009) ⚡LIBRA(2004) 
PAFRET (⚡)
Pii⚡Pii-DK(2010) 
PI(3)PTransloc. (⛖)
GFP-FYVE⛖GFP-FYVE (FENS-1)(2001) ⛖GFP-EEA1 (FYVE)(1998) ⛖GFP-Pib1p(1998) 
GFP-PX⛖GFP-PX(2001) 
PI(3,4)P2Loc. (♦)
FRET (⚡)
cPHx3♦NES-EGFP-cPHx3(2019) 
Pippi-PI(3,4)P2⚡Pippi-PI(3,4)P2(2006) 
PI(3,5)P2Transloc. (⛖)
GFP-MLN1⛖GFP-MLN1(2013) 
PI(4)PBRET (◓)
FRET (⚡)
BRET PI(4)P sensors◓OSH2-2xPH(2016) ◓SidM-2xP4M(2016) 
Pippi⚡Pippi-PI(4)P(2008) 
PI(4,5)P2FRET (⚡)
Loc. (♦)
Transloc. (⛖)
Rat. (◧)
CAY⚡CAY(2004) 
CYPHR⚡CYPHR(2003) 
ENTH-GFP♦ENTH-GFP(2019) 
FP-Tubby⛖FP-Tubby(2001) 
FPX PIP2 sensor◧FPX PIP2 sensor(2015) 
PH(PLCdelta)⚡PH(PLCdelta)-CFP/YFP(2001) ⛖GFP-PH(1998) ⛖PH(PLCdelta) - GFP(1998) 
Pippi-PI(4,5)P2⚡Pippi-PI(4,5)P2(2008) 
R-PRE⛖R-PRE(2006) 
PIP3FRET (⚡)
Transloc. (⛖)
BRET (◓)
FLLIP⚡FLLIP(2003) 
InPAkt⚡InPAkt(2005) 
Labeled PH domains⛖PH(GRP1)-GFP(1999) ⛖PH(PKB)-GFP(1999) 
PIP3 BRET sensor◓PIP3 BRET sensor(2012) 
PSTransloc. (⛖)
2xPH(EVECTIN2)⛖2xPH(EVECTIN2)(2011) ⛖2xPH(EVECTIN2)(2011) 
cPLA2-C2⛖cPLA2-C2-GFP(2003) 
Lact-C2⛖GFP - Lact-C2(2008) ⛖mRFP - Lact-C2(2008) 
PKC-C2⛖PKCα-C2-EGFP(2003) ⛖C2-GFP(1998) 
PLCdelta1-C2⛖PLCdelta1-C2-EGFP(2002) 
sterolLoc. (♦)
mCherry-D4H♦mCherry-D4H(2020) 
Protease
3CLProInten (☀)
Flip-GFP☀FlipGFP (3CLPro)(2020) 
Atg4aFRET (⚡)
FRET-LC3B⚡FRET-LC3B(2012) 
Atg4bFRET (⚡)
FRET-GATE-16⚡FRET-GATE-16(2012) 
Caspase1Rat. (◧)
FRET (⚡)
FPX caspase 1 sensor◧single polypeptide FPX caspase 1 sensor(2015) 
SCAT1⚡SCAT1(2014) 
Caspase3FRET (⚡)
Rat. (◧)
Inten (☀)
CASPAM⚡CASPAM (sCas3-GP)(2021) 
ddFP based◧single polypeptide FPX Caspase 3 sensor(2015) ◧Bimolecular FPX Caspase 3 reporter(2015) ☀ddRFP-A1B1-DEVD(2012) 
DEVD⚡mAmetrine-DEVD-tdTomato(2008) ⚡mCitrine-DEVD-mTFP1(2008) ⚡BFP-DEVD-GFP(2002) ⚡Sensor C3(2001) ⚡CFP-DEVD-YFP(2000) 
DEVK⚡MiCy-DEVK-mKO(2004) 
EC-RP⚡EC-RP(2008) 
Far-Red Caspase sensors⚡mKate2-DEVD-iRFP(2016) 
Flip-GFP☀FlipGFP (Casp3 cleavage seq)(2019) 
Intein Based☀sDnaB-cpM4(DEVD)(2013) 
iProtease☀iCasper(2015) 
SCAT3⚡SCAT3(2003) 
yDMQDc⚡yDMQDc(2006) 
Caspase8FRET (⚡)
Rat. (◧)
Bid cleavage sensor⚡Bid cleavage sensor(2002) 
FPX caspase 8 sensor◧single polypeptide FPX caspase 8 sensor(2015) 
IC-RP⚡IC-RP(2008) 
Caspase9FRET (⚡)
SCAT9⚡SCAT9(2003) 
EnterokinaseBRET (◓)
BRET-based◓hGluc-EK-tdTomato(2013) 
MatriptaseInten (☀)
ddFP-based☀ddRFP-matriptase(2018) 
MproBRET (◓)
Inten (☀)
BRET-based ◓mNG-Mpro-NLuc(2022) 
Flip-GFP☀FlipGFP (MPro cleavage seq)(2021) 
MT1-MMPFRET (⚡)
MT1-MMP Biosensor⚡MT1-MMP Biosensor (mCherry/mOrange2)(2010) ⚡MT1-MMP Biosensor(2008) 
TEVInten (☀)
Flip-GFP☀FlipGFP (TEV cleavage sequence)(2019) ☀ZipGFP(2016) 
Receptors/GPCRs
A1RFRET (⚡)
A1R SPASM⚡A1R - FL Gαi SPASM(2017) ⚡A1R - FL Gαs SPASM(2017) 
alpha2A-ARBRET (◓)
Receptor Conformation Sensor◓alpha2A-Nluc/HaloTag(2018) 
Beta1-ARInten (☀)
dLight☀B1AR-dLight(2018) 
Beta2-ARBRET (◓)
Inten (☀)
FRET (⚡)
Transloc. (⛖)
BRET^2 β2-AR Activation Probes◓β2AR-RLuc GFP-Ggamma2(2005) ◓β2AR-RLuc GFP-Gbeta1(2005) ◓β2AR-RLuc G alpha s-GFP10(2005) 
dLight☀B2AR-dLight(2018) 
β2-AR SPASM⚡β2-AR FL Gαq SPASM(2017) ⚡β2-AR FL Gαs SPASM(2017) ⚡β2-AR-Gα SPASM(2013) 
Nb80⛖Nb80-GFP(2013) 
Receptor Conformation Sensor◓Beta2-Nluc/HaloTag(2018) 
Dictyostelium GPCRFRET (⚡)
Labeled G proteins⚡Gβ-YFP + Gα2-CFP(2001) 
DRD2Inten (☀)
iTango☀DRD2-iTango(2017) 
FZD4Inten (☀)
Receptor Conformation Sensor☀FZD4-cpGFP(2021) 
FZD5Inten (☀)
Receptor Conformation Sensor☀FZD5-cpGFP(2021) 
FZD6Inten (☀)
Receptor Conformation Sensor☀FZD6-cpGFP(2021) 
FZD7Inten (☀)
Receptor Conformation Sensor☀FZD7-cpGFP(2021) 
GαFRET (⚡)
BRET (◓)
Galpha activation⚡MiniG(2018) ◓MiniG(RLuc8-Venus)(2018) 
GαiFRET (⚡)
Gαi Sensor⚡Gαi1 Sensor v2(2016) ⚡Gαi2 Sensor v2(2016) ⚡Gαi3 Sensor v2(2016) ⚡Galphai1 v1(2006) ⚡Galphai2 v1(2006) ⚡G(alpha)i3 v1(2006) ⚡Bunemann Gai-Gb1(2003) ⚡Bunemann Gai-Gg2(2003) 
GαqFRET (⚡)
Gαq Sensor⚡Gαq Sensor (v2)(2011) ⚡Gαq Sensor (v1)(2009) 
GαsFRET (⚡)
BRET (◓)
Transloc. (⛖)
Gαs Sensor⚡Gαs Sensor(2006) 
Gs Activation BRET Assay◓RLucII-117-Gαs + GFP10-Gγ1(2016) 
Nb37 based⛖Nb37-YFP(2017) 
H3RBRET (◓)
Receptor Conformation Sensor◓H3R-Nluc/HaloTag(2020) 
Heterotrimeric G ProteinsBRET (◓)
αβγ trimerization◓G-CASE(2021) ◓TRUPATH(2020) 
α1-ARFRET (⚡)
α1-AR SPASM⚡α1-AR FL Gαq SPASM(2017) 
α2A-ARInten (☀)
FRET (⚡)
BRET (◓)
dLight☀A2AR-dLight(2018) 
α2-AR SPASM⚡α2-AR FL Gαi SPASM(2017) ⚡α2-AR FL Gαs SPASM(2017) 
α2A-AR + labeled G protein◓α2A-AR-Venus + G alpha i1 - 91Rluc(2006) ◓α2A-AR-Venus + RLuc-Ggamma2(2006) ◓α2A-AR-Venus + G alpha i1 - 122Rluc(2006) ⚡α2A-YFP + CFP-Ggamma2(2005) 
α2A-AR activation sensor⚡α2A-AR-cam(2003) 
kappa-opioid receptorInten (☀)
dLight☀KOR-dLight(2018) 
M1RFRET (⚡)
M1R Activation Sensor⚡M1R-EYFP-Cerulean(2009) 
M3RFRET (⚡)
Receptor Conformation Sensor⚡hM3R-YFP-CFP(2023) 
MT2Inten (☀)
dLight☀MT2-dLight(2018) 
mu-opioid receptorInten (☀)
dLight☀MOR-dLight(2018) 
ODR-10BRET (◓)
OGOR◓OGOR(2011) 
opsinFRET (⚡)
opsin SPASM⚡opsin-Gα SPASM(2013) 
PTH1RBRET (◓)
Receptor Conformation Sensor◓PTH1R-Nluc/HaloTag(2018) 
PTHRFRET (⚡)
PTHR activation sensor⚡PTHR-cam(2003) 
TrkBFLIM (♣)
TrkB-PLC interaction♣TrkB Sensor(2016) 
VEGFBRET (◓)
BRET VEGF biosensor◓BRET VEGF biosensor(2016) 
Redox
H2O2Inten (☀)
Ex. Rat.(★)
FRET (⚡)
HyPer☀Hyper-7(2020) ☀NeonOxIrr(2019) ★HyPerRed(2014) ★HyPer-3(2013) ★HyPer-2(2011) ★HyPer(2006) 
roGFP based H2O2 sensor★roGFP2-Tsa2 delta Cr(2016) ★roGFP2-Tsa2 delta Cp delta Cr(2016) ★roGFP2-Orp1(2009) ★roGFP2-GPx4(2009) 
Unnatural Amino Acid H2O2 sensor☀UFP-Tyr66pBoPhe(2012) 
Yap1 based H2O2 sensor⚡OxyFRET(2013) ⚡PerFRET(2013) 
H2SInten (☀)
pAzF H2S sensors☀hsGFP(2014) ☀cpGFP-Tyr66pAzF(2012) 
NADP+FRET (⚡)
Apollo-NADP+⚡Apollo-NADP+(2016) 
NADPsor⚡NADPsor(2016) 
NADP+:NADPH RatioFRET (⚡)
NADP-Snifit⚡NADP-Snifit(2018) 
NADPHEx. Rat.(★)
BRET (◓)
iNap★iNap1(2017) ★iNap2(2017) ★iNap3(2017) 
Semi-synthetic BRET Sensor◓SNAP-P30-[cpNLuc inserted]eDHFR(2018) 
NOFRET (⚡)
Inten (☀)
FRET-MT⚡FRET-MT(2000) 
geNOps☀geNOps(2016) 
sGC based NO biosensor⚡Piccell(2006) ⚡NOA-1(2005) 
OHPInten (☀)
OHSer☀OHSer(2010) 
ONOO-Inten (☀)
pnGFP☀pnGFP(2013) 
redox statusFRET (⚡)
Inten (☀)
Ex. Rat.(★)
HSP33⚡HSP-FRET(2006) 
redox-sensitive linker⚡CY-RL7(2011) ⚡RedoxFluor(2010) ⚡ECFP-RL-EYFP(2008) 
roFP☀Grx1-roCherry(2018) ★Grx1-roGFP2(2008) ★roGFP1-iX(2008) ★roGFP1-Rx Family(2006) ★roGFP1(2004) ★roGFP2(2004) ☀roKate(0) 
rxRFP☀TrxRFP1(2017) ☀rxRFP1.X Sensitivity series(2016) ☀rxRFP(2015) 
rxYFP☀rxYFP-Grx1p(2006) ☀rxYFP^149_202(2001) 
ROSEx. Rat.(★)
pHaROS★pHaROS-red(2019) ★GRX1-pHaROS(2019) 
pHaROS★pHaROS(2019) 
superoxideInten (☀)
mt-cpYFP☀mt-cpYFP(2008) 
Small G-Protein
Cdc42FRET (⚡)
FLIM (♣)
Inten (☀)
(CDC42) GEF Sensor⚡(CDC42) GEF Sensor(2003) 
CDC42 Biosensor⚡CDC42 Biosensor(2014) 
Cdc42 FRET♣Cdc42 FRET (mRuby2/mCherry (I202Y))(2016) ♣Cdc42-CyRM(2016) ♣Cdc42 FRET(2011) 
CDC42 Raichu⚡CRIB Raichu(2002) ⚡CDC42 Raichu(2002) 
Cdc42-2G⚡Cdc42-2G(2016) 
ddFP Cdc42 Biosensor☀R-Cdc42(2019) 
GDI Cdc42 FLARE⚡GDI Cdc42 FLARE(2016) 
Rab13FRET (⚡)
Rab13⚡Rab13(2015) 
Rab5FRET (⚡)
Rab5 Raichu⚡Rab5 Raichu(2008) 
Rac1Inten (☀)
FRET (⚡)
ddFP Rac1 sensors☀R-Rac1(2019) 
FLAIR⚡FLAIR(2000) 
FLARE⚡Rac1-FLARE(2009) 
GDI Rac1 FLARE⚡GDI Rac1 FLARE(2016) 
Rac1 Raichu⚡Rac1 Raichu EV(2011) ⚡Rac1 Raichu(2002) ⚡CRIB Raichu(2002) 
Single Chain Rac1 biosensors⚡NIR Rac1 Biosensor(2018) ⚡Single chain Rac1 Biosensor v2(2016) ⚡Rac1-2G(2015) ⚡Single-chain Rac1 Biosensor(2014) 
Rac2FRET (⚡)
Single Chain Rac2 biosensors⚡Single Chain Rac2 biosensor(2016) 
Rac3FRET (⚡)
Single Chain Rac3 biosensors⚡Single Chain Rac3 biosensor(2017) 
RalFRET (⚡)
Raichu-Ral⚡Raichu-RalA(2004) ⚡Raichu-RalB(2004) 
RanFRET (⚡)
Ran FRET probes⚡YRC(2002) ⚡YIC(2002) 
Rap1 FRET (⚡)
Rap1 Raichu⚡Rap1 Raichu(2001) 
Rap1-FLARE⚡Rap1A-FLARE(2019) ⚡Rap1B-FLARE(2019) 
RasInten (☀)
FRET (⚡)
FLIM (♣)
ddFP Ras Biosensor☀G-KRas(2019) ☀R-KRas(2019) 
DORA Ras⚡DORA Ras(2015) 
FRas♣ShadowY H-Ras Sensor(2017) ♣ShadowG FRas2-M(2015) ♣FRas2-F(2013) ♣FRas2-M(2013) ♣FRas(2006) ♣FRas-F(2006) 
Ras Raichu⚡Ras Raichu EV(2011) ⚡Ras Raichu(2001) 
RhoAFRET (⚡)
FLIM (♣)
GDI-RhoA FLARE⚡GDI-RhoA FLARE(2016) 
RhoA FLARE⚡RhoA DORA(2015) ⚡RhoA2G(2013) ⚡bimolecular RhoA Biosensor(2009) ⚡RhoA FLARE | RhoA1G(2006) 
RhoA FRET♣RhoA FRET (mRuby2/mCherry (I202Y))(2016) ♣RhoA-CyRM(2016) ♣RhoA-FRET(2011) 
RhoA Raichu⚡RhoA Raichu CR(2012) ⚡RBD Raichu(2006) ⚡RhoA Raichu(2003) 
RhoBFRET (⚡)
DORA RhoB⚡RhoB FRET Sensor(2016) 
RhoCFRET (⚡)
DORA RhoC⚡RhoC FRET Sensor(2016) 
RhoC FLARE⚡RhoC FLARE(2013) 
RhoQFRET (⚡)
TC10 Raichu⚡TC10 Raichu(2006) 
RRasFRET (⚡)
RRas Raichu⚡RRas Raichu(2007)