List of Biosensors by Class

Biosensor variant name links to biosensor details, year links to reference details.

Target	Readout Mech	Variants
Acetylation/Methylation
DNA methylation	Inten (☀)	DNA methylation BiAD ☀DNA methylation BiAD sensor(2017)
H3K9me3	Inten (☀)	H3K9me3 BiAD ☀H3K9me3 BiAD sensor(2017)
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle Phases	Inten (☀) FLIM (♣)	Fucci ☀TNNT2-FUCCI(2022) ♣FUCCI-Red(2021) ☀Ki67p-FUCCI(2020) ☀Fucci(CA)2.1(2017) ☀NIR cell cycle reporter(2016) ☀NIR Fucci(2016) ☀Fucci4(2016) ☀Fucci2.1(2013) ☀Fucci2(2011) ☀zFucci(2009) ☀Fucci(2008) ☀S/G2/M-X(NC)(2008)
G1 Phase	Transloc. (⛖)	G1 Phase Biosensor ⛖G1 Phase Biosensor(2009)
S Phase	Inten (☀) Transloc. (⛖)	S Phase Biosensor ☀PCNA-mRuby(2017) ⛖S Phase Biosensor(2009)
Cell Environment
Mechanical Strain	FRET (⚡) Ex. Rat.(★)	HP35 ⚡HP35-TS(2015) ⚡HP35st-TS(2015)  PriSSM ★PriSSM(2008)  stFRET ⚡cpstFRET(2012) ⚡sstFRET(2011) ⚡stFRET(2008)  TSMod ⚡FL-TSM(2017) ⚡VinTS(2016) ⚡TSMod F25 (2016) ⚡VinTL(2016) ⚡TSMod(2010)
Molecular crowding	FRET (⚡)	CrGE ⚡CRONOS(2021) ⚡CrGE2.3(2020) ⚡CrGE(2015)  Crowding sensor ⚡Crowding sensor(2015)
pH	Em. Rat. (☆) Rat. (◧) FRET (⚡) Inten (☀) FLIM (♣) Ex. Rat.(★)	deGFP ☆deGFP family(2002)  Dendra ◧Dendra2(2017)  Dual pH and Cl sensor ◧ClopHensor(2010)  E^xGFP ◧E^1GFP(2007) ◧E^2GFP(2006)  FluBpH ⚡FluBpH 5.7(2017) ⚡FluBpH 6.1(2017) ⚡FluBpH 7.5(2017)  mtAlpHi ☀mtAlpHi(2004)  Native FP pH Sensitivity ♣pHLIM(2022) ☆FIRE-pHLy(2021) ⚡pH-Lemon(2019) ☀mNect(2009) ☀pHVenus(2007) ⚡CFP-YFP pH FRET(2004) ☀EGFP(1998) ☀EYFP(1998)  pHaROS ★pHaROS(2019) ★pHaROS-red(2019) ★GRX1-pHaROS(2019)  pHCEC ◧pHCECSensor01(2008)  pHluorins ★(RpH)-LAMP1-3xFLAG(2020) ⚡pH-Lemon(2019) ★ER-sfpHluorin(2018) ★pHluorin2(2011) ☀Superecliptic-pHluorin(2000) ☀Ecliptic-pHluorin(1998) ★ratiometric-pHluorin(1998)  pHRed ★mCherryEA(2018) ★pHRed(2011)  pHTomato ☀syHTomato(2012)  pHuji ☀pHuji(2014)  pHusion ◧pHusion(2012)  SRpHi ◧SRpHi1(2017) ◧SRpHi2(2017) ◧SRpHi3(2017)  SypHer ★SypHer3s(2018) ★SypHer-2(2015) ☀SypHer(2011)  XFpH ⚡GFpH(2001) ⚡YFpH(2001)
Temperature	FRET (⚡) Rat. (◧) Inten (☀)	ELP ⚡ELP-TEMP(2021)  gTEMP ◧B-gTEMP(2022) ◧gTEMP(2017)  mRFP ☀mRFP1(2015)  tsGFP ☀tsGFP1(2013) ☀tsGFP2(2013)
V+	Inten (☀) FRET (⚡) BRET (◓) Rat. (◧)	ArcLight Species Variants ☀Frog Q174 ArcLight(2013) ☀Chicken Q175 ArcLight(2013) ☀Zebrafish Q175 ArcLight(2013) ☀Human Q193 ArcLight (2013)  Ci-VSP based sensors ☀ASAP4b(2023) ☀ASAP4e(2023) ⚡nirButterfly(2020) ☀Red-GEVIs(2019) ☀ASAP3(2019) ☀Marina(2017) ◓LOTUS-V(2017) ☀VSD-FR189-188(2017) ◧tdFlicR-VK-ASAP(2016) ☀tdFlicR1 delta 110AR(2016) ☀ASAP2f(2016) ☀FlicR1(2016) ☀FlicGR1(2016) ⚡Nabi2.213(2015) ☀Bongwoori(2015) ☀ArcLightning(2015) ⚡Chimeric VSFP-Butterfly CY(2014) ⚡Chimeric VSFP-Butterfly YR(2014) ☀ASAP1(2014) ⚡Mermaid2(2013) ⚡VSFP-CR(2012) ☀ArcLight A242(2012) ☀ElectricPk(2012) ⚡Chimera Cx(2012) ⚡VSFP Butterfly 1.2(2012) ⚡VSFP2.3(2010) ⚡VSFP2.42(2010) ⚡VSFP2.4(2009) ⚡Mermaid(2008) ☀VSFP3.1(2008) ⚡VSFP2.1(2007)  Danio VSP based sensor ☀Zahra 1 SE (227D) series(2015) ☀Zahara 2 SE (227D)(2015) ⚡Zahra 2(2012) ⚡Zahra 1(2012)  Kv Based V sensors ☀FlaSh IR(2002) ☀FlaSh L366A(2002) ⚡FlaSH (CFP) + FlaSh (YFP)(2002) ⚡VSFP1(2001) ☀FlaSh(1997)  Na Channel based V Sensors ☀SPARC(2002)  Nematostella VSP based sensors ⚡Nema(2012)  rhodopsin based V sensors ☀QuasAr6b(2023) ☀QuasAR6a(2023) ⚡Positron(2020) ☀Voltron(2019) ☀Archon2(2018) ☀VARNAM(2018) ☀Archon1(2018) ◧vArch1.0(2016) ☀FRET-opsin Ace2N-mNeon(2015) ☀FRET-opsin Ace1Q-mNeon(2015) ☀QuasAr2(2014) ☀QuasAr1(2014) ☀Archer1(2014) ⚡eFRET GEVI(2014) ☀MacQ-mCitrine(2014) ☀MacQ-mOrange2(2014) ☀FRET-opsin Mac-mCitrine(2014) ☀Arch-EEx variants(2013) ☀PROPS(2011) ☀Arch(D95N)(2011)
Cellular Analytes
2OG	Inten (☀)	mOGsor ☀mOGsor(2014)
ADP	FRET (⚡)	ADPrime ⚡ADPrime(2019)
Ammonium	Rat. (◧) Inten (☀)	AmTrac ◧AmTryoshika1;3-LS-F138I -T78H(2017) ◧AmTryoshika1;3-LS-F138I(2017) ☀AmTrac(2013)
Arabinose	FRET (⚡)	FLIPara ⚡FLIPara-250n(2008)
Arg	FRET (⚡)	FRET Arg Reporter ⚡FRET Arg Reporter(2007)
ATP	BRET (◓) FRET (⚡) Inten (☀) Biolum. (⚫) Ex. Rat.(★)	ATeam ◓ARSeNL-ATP(2019) ◓BTeam(2016) ⚡ATeam1.03NL(2013) ⚡GO-Ateam(2011) ⚡ATeam1.03(2009) ⚡ATeam3.10(2009)  EAF-based ATP biosensor ⚡EAF-ATP(2013)  iATPSnFR ☀iATPSnFR2(2024) ☀iATPSnFR1.0(2019) ☀iATPSnFR1.1(2019)  MaLion ☀MaLionG(2018) ☀MaLionR(2018) ☀MaLionB(2018)  Nano-lantern ATP ⚫Nano-lantern ATP(2012)  QUEEN ★QUEEN-7mu(2014) ★QUEEN-2m(2014)  Syn-ATP ⚫Syn-ATP(2014)
ATP:ADP Ratio	Ex. Rat.(★)	Perceval ★PercevalHR(2013) ★Perceval(2009)
BCAA	FRET (⚡)	OLIVe ⚡OLIVe(2019)
BDNF	FRET (⚡)	Bescell ⚡Bescell(2008)
cAMP	Inten (☀) FRET (⚡) BRET (◓) Rat. (◧) Biolum. (⚫)	cADDis ☀cADDis-green(2016)  camps ⚡cAMPFIRE-L(2022) ⚡cAMPFIRE-M(2022) ⚡cAMPFIRE-H(2022) ⚡Epac2-camps300-cit(2010) ⚡Epac2-camps300(2009) ⚡HCN2-camps(2006) ⚡PKA-camps(2004) ⚡Epac1-camps(2004) ⚡Epac2-camps(2004)  CAMYEL ◓CAMYEL(2007)  CUTie ⚡CUTie(2017)  Epac-S ⚡Epac-S H187(2015) ⚡Epac-S H188(2015) ⚡H96(2011) ⚡H74(2011) ⚡H81: GFP(nd)-EPAC(dDEP)-mRFP (2008) ⚡H90: CFP(nd)-EPAC(dDEP/CD)-cp173Venus(d)(2008) ⚡H84: CFP(nd)-EPAC(dDEP/CD)-Venus(d)(2008)  Epac1 (delta DEP-CD) based cAMP biosensors ⚡CEPAC*(2011) ⚡CFP-Epac(delta DEP-CD)-YFP(2004)  Flamindo ☀Pink Flamindo(2017) ☀Flamindo2(2014) ☀Flamindo(2013)  FPX ◧pPHT-PKA(2015)  ICUE ⚡GR-ICUE2(2020) ☀RAB-ICUE(2018) ⚡ICUE-YR(2011) ⚡ICUPID(2011) ⚡ICUE3(2009) ⚡ICUE2(2008) ◓Rluc-EPAC-YFP(2008) ⚡ICUE1(2004)  mCRIS based cAMP biosensor ⚡cit-mCNBD-cer(2013)  mICNBD ☀DDcAMP(2022) ☀G-Flamp1(2022) ☀G-Flamp2(2022) ☀G-Flamp2b(2022)  mICNBD-FRET ⚡mICNBD-FRET(2016)  Nano-lantern cAMP ⚫Nano-lantern cAMP1.6(2012)  R-FlincA ☀R-FlincA(2018)  R1alpha #7 ⚡R1alpha #7(2016)  Split Luc cAMP biosensor ⚫22F(2011) ⚫Split Luc cAMP biosensor(2008)  YFP-PKAc + CFP-PKAr ◓R1-Rluc + GFP-C(2006) ◓R2-Rluc + GFP-C(2006) ⚡delta PKA RIIb-CFP + PKAc-YFP(2006) ⚡YFP-PKAc + CFP-PKAr(R230K)(2004) ⚡YFP-PKAc + CFP-PKAr(2002) ⚡PKAc-S65T + PKArII-EBFP(2000)
cGMP	FRET (⚡) Inten (☀) Rat. (◧) Ex. Rat.(★)	cGES ⚡ThPDE5VV(2019) ☀Cygnus(2010) ⚡cGES-DE5(2006)  cGKI based cGMP sensors ⚡cGi family(2007)  cGull ☀Green-cGull(2017)  CGY ⚡CGY-del1(2000)  CUTie ⚡CUTie2(2021)  cyGNAL ◧cyGNAL(2019)  cygnet ⚡cygnet-2.1(2005) ⚡cygnet-2(2001)  FlincG ⚡FGA^M(2013) ☀H6-FGB(2013) ★delta-FlincG(2008)  PfPKG ⚡PfPKG Yellow(2019) ⚡Red PfPKG(2019)
Citrate	FRET (⚡)	FLIP-Cit ⚡FLIP-Cit-Y(2011)
CO	Inten (☀)	COSer ☀COSer(2012)
F-1,6-BP	FRET (⚡) Inten (☀)	fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate ⚡HYlight(2022) ☀Glycolytic Flux Sensor(2019)
Gln	FRET (⚡)	FLIPQ ⚡FLIPQ-TV3.0(2012)
Glucose	FRET (⚡) Ex. Rat.(★) Inten (☀)	FLIPglu ⚡FLII^12Pglu-Y Series(2008) ⚡FLIPglu-Y delta 13 (2006) ⚡FLII^XPglu-Y Series (2005) ⚡FLIPglu-600u-delta(X) series(2005) ⚡FLIPglu-Y series(2003)  GGBP ★FGBP(2018)  GIP ⚡AcGFP1-GBPcys-mCherry(2010) ⚡GIP C_0Y_i(2008) ⚡GIP(2003)  Glifon ☀Red Glifon(2022) ☀Green Glifon(2019)
GTP	Ex. Rat.(★)	GEVAL ★GEVAL30(2017) ★GEVAL260(2017) ★GEVAL530(2017) ★GEVAL1150(2017) ★GEVAL2300(2017)
Heme	FRET (⚡) Rat. (◧) Inten (☀)	CHY ⚡CH49Y(2017)  CISDY ⚡CISDY-9(2015)  Fluorescence quenching Heme ◧HS1(2016) ◧HS1-M7A(2016) ☀CG6(2012)
His	Rat. (◧) FRET (⚡)	FHisJ ◧FHisJ(2017)  FLIP-HisJ ⚡FLIP-cpHisJ194(2009)
Insulin	Rat. (◧)	RINS ◧RINS1(2017)
Lactate	FRET (⚡)	Laconic ⚡Laconic(2013)
LCACoAs	Rat. (◧)	LACSer sensor ◧LACSer(2021)
maltose	BRET (◓) FRET (⚡) Inten (☀)	FLIPmal ◓GFP2-MBP-RLuc2(2013) ⚡FLIPmal-Y delta1(2008) ⚡FLIPmal-Y Series(2002)  MBP ☀PPYF-green(2011)
NAD+	Inten (☀) FRET (⚡)	NAD+ Biosensor ☀NAD+ Biosensor(2016)  NAD-Snifit ⚡NAD-Snifit(2018)
NAD+/NADH Ratio	Rat. (◧) Ex. Rat.(★) Inten (☀)	Peredox ◧Peredox(2011)  SoNar ★SoNar(2015)  T-Rex Based ☀RexYFP(2014)
NADH	Inten (☀)	Frex ☀Frex(2011) ☀FrexH(2011)
O2	Inten (☀) FRET (⚡)	dUnOHR hypoxia-reoxygenation sensor ☀dUnOHR hypoxia-reoxygenation sensor(2016)  FluBO ⚡FluBO(2012)
Pn	Inten (☀)	EcPhnD based ☀EcPhnD-cpGFP(2011)
Pyruvate	Inten (☀) FRET (⚡)	PdhR Based ☀PyronicSF(2020) ⚡PYRATES(2017) ⚡Pyronic(2014)
ribose	FRET (⚡)	FLIPrib ⚡FLIPrib-Y(2003)
sucrose	FRET (⚡)	FLIPsuc ⚡FLIPsuc-Y(2006)
Trehalose	FRET (⚡)	FLIP ⚡FLIPSuc90μ∆1Venus(2016)
Trp	FRET (⚡) Rat. (◧)	FLIPW ⚡FLIPW(2007)  GRIT ◧GRIT(2023)
Ions
As3+	FRET (⚡)	SenALiB ⚡SenALiB(2019)
Ca2+	FLIM (♣) Inten (☀) BRET (◓) Biolum. (⚫) FRET (⚡) Em. Rat. (☆) Rat. (◧) Ex. Rat.(★)	Ca-FLITS ♣Tq-Ca-FLITS(2021)  Ca2+ Snapshot ☀FLiCRE(2020) ☀Cal-Light(2017) ☀FLARE(2017)  CaMBI ◓Orange CaMBI 110(2019) ◓Orange CaMBI 300(2019) ⚫Blue CaMBI(2019) ◓Green CaMBI(2019)  Cameleons ♣4mtD3mC3(2019) ◓D3 BRET(2015) ⚡D1GO-Cam(2012) ⚡CaYin1(2011) ⚡CaYang1(2011) ⚡YC-Nano(2010) ⚡D3cpv(2006) ⚡D4cpV(2006) ⚡YC3.60(2004) ⚡D1(2004) ⚡YC2.12(2002) ⚡YC6.1(2001) ⚡YC2.1(1999) ⚡Cameleon 3(1997) ⚡Split-Cameleon(1997)  Camgaroo ☀Camgaroo2(2001) ☀Camgaroo1(1999)  CaMPARI ☀CaMPARI2(2018) ☀CaMPARI(2015)  CASE ☀Case12(2007) ☀Case16(2007)  CatchER ☀CatchER(2011)  ddFP Ca2+ sensor ☀ddRFP Ca2+ sensor(2012)  ER-GCaMP ☀ER-GCaMP6-210(2017) ☀ER-GCaMP6-150(2017) ☀ER-GCaMP3-373 / GCaMPer-10.19(2015) ☀CEPIA1er(2014)  ER-GECO ☀G-CEPIA1er(2014) ☀R-CEPIA1er(2014) ☆GEM-CEPIA1er(2014)  FGCaMP ☀FRCaMP(2020) ◧FGCaMP7(2020) ★FGCaMP(2017)  FPX Ca2+ Sensors ◧single polypeptide FPX Ca2+ sensor(2015) ◧tripartate FPX Ca2+ Sensor(2015)  GAF-CaMP ☀GAF-CaMP3-sfGFP(2020) ☀GAF-CaMP2(2019) ☀GAF-CaMP(2018)  GAP ☀GAP3(2016) ☀GAP1(2014)  GCaMP ☀jGCaMP8(2023) ☀GCaMP6s-Q(2022) ☀jYCaMP1(2020) ☀jYCaMP1s(2020) ☀GCaMP7(2019) ☀axon-GCaMP6(2018) ☀ncpGCaMP6s(2018) ◧MatryoshCaMP6s(2017) ◧sfMatryoshCaMP6s-T78H(2017) ◧sfMatryoshCaMP6s(2017) ◧GCaMP-R-3(2017) ◧GCaMP-R-6f(2017) ◧GCaMP-R-6s(2017) ☀GCaMP3fast(2015) ☀GCaMP3bright(2015) ☀GCaMP2.2Low(2014) ☀GCaMP6m(2013) ☀GCaMP6s(2013) ☀GCaMP6f(2013) ☀G-CaMP 3-8 (Nakai Variants)(2012) ☀GCaMP5G(2012) ☀GCaMP-HS(2011) ☀GCaMP3(2009) ☀GCaMP2(2006) ☀GCaMP(2001)  GECO ☀NEMO(2023) ☀NIR-GECO2(2020) ☀R-CEPIA4mt(2020) ☀R-CEPIA3mt(2020) ☀mNG-GECO1(2020) ☀NIR-GECO1(2019) ◓LUCI-GECO1(2018) ☀K-GECO1(2018) ☀jRGECO1a(2016) ★REX-GECO(2014) ☀LAR-GECO(2014) ☀R-GECO1.2(2013) ☀CAR-GECO(2013) ☀O-GECO(2013) ☀GR-GECO(2013) ☀G-GECO1.1(2011) ★GEX-GECO(2011) ☆GEM-GECO(2011) ☀R-GECO1(2011) ☀B-GECO(2011) ☀G-GECO1.2(2011) ☀G-GECO1(2011)  GreenT-EC ☀GreenT-EC(2023)  Nano-lantern Ca2+ ◓CeNL(Ca2+)_110u(2018) ◓CeNL(Ca2+)_19u(2018) ◓GeNL(Ca2+)(2016) ◓CNL (Ca2+) (2015) ◓ONL (Ca2+)(2015) ⚫Nano-lantern Ca2+(2012)  NCaMP ☀NCaMP7(2020)  NTnC ☀YTnC(2018) ☀iYTnC2(2018) ☀NTnC(2016)  pericam ☀flash-pericam(2001) ☀inverse-pericam(2001) ◧ratiometric-pericam(2001)  RCaMP ☀jRCaMP1a(2016) ☀jRCaMP1b(2016) ☀R-CaMP2(2015) ☀RCaMP1h(2013) ☀R-CaMP1.07(2012)  TN Ca2+ Sensors ◓CalfluxVTN(2016) ⚡Twitch series(2014) ⚡RS-TN-XL(2013) ⚡YO-TnC1.0(2012) ⚡TN-XXL(2008) ⚡TN-XL(2006) ⚡TN-L15(2004) ⚡TN-humTnC(2004)
Cd2+	FRET (⚡)	Cd-FRET ⚡Cd-FRET2(2011)
Cu+	Inten (☀) FRET (⚡)	CreiLOV ☀CreiLOV(2020)  Yeast Copper regulator based ⚡Ace1-FRET(2011) ⚡Mac1-FRET(2011) ⚡Amt1-FRET(2010)
Halide Ions	FRET (⚡) Rat. (◧) Inten (☀)	Clomeleon ⚡SuperClomeleon(2013) ⚡Cl-sensor(2008) ⚡Clomeleon(2000)  Dual pH and Cl sensor ◧ER-LSSmsfClopHensor(2022) ◧LSSmClopHensor(2016) ◧ClopHensor(2010)  Halide Sensitive Fluorescent Proteins ☀mBeRFP-S94V/R205Y(2021) ☀GR1(2021) ☀mNeonGreen-R195Y(2019) ☀phiYFP(2019) ☀Cl-YFP(2014) ☀ClsM(2014) ☀YFP(H148Q, I152L)(2001) ☀YFP(H148Q)(2000)
Hg(II)	Inten (☀)	eGFP based Hg sensor ☀eGFP205C(2008)  IFP based Hg sensor ☀IFP based Hg sensor(2011)
K+	FRET (⚡) Inten (☀)	GEPII ⚡KIRIN1-GR(2019) ⚡KIRIN1(2019) ⚡GEPII 1.0(2017)  GINKO ☀KRaION1(2022) ☀GINKO2(2022) ☀GINKO1(2019)
Ln3+	FRET (⚡)	LaMP ⚡LaMP1(2019)
Mg2+	FRET (⚡) Rat. (◧)	MagFRET ⚡MARIO(2018) ⚡MagFRET-1(2013)  MagIC ◧MagIC(2015)
Mn2+	FRET (⚡)	MnLaMP ⚡MnLaMP1(2022) ⚡MnLaMP2(2022)
Phosphate	FRET (⚡)	FLIPPi ⚡FLIPPi-30m(2006) ⚡FLIPPi-5mu(2006)
Zn2+	BRET (◓) FRET (⚡) Inten (☀) Rat. (◧)	Atox1 WD4 Based Zn2+ Probes ◓BLCALWY-1(2016) ⚡redCALWY(2013) ⚡eCALWY series (2009) ⚡CALWY(2007) ⚡CFP-Atox1 + WD4-YFP(2006)  GZnP ☀GZnP3(2019) ☀GZnP2(2018) ☀GZnP1(2016)  Minimal Zinc Finger Based Zn Probes ☀FRISZ(2023) ◧ZifCV1.173(2019) ☀ZIBG2(2019) ☀ZnGreen2(2016) ⚡mito-ZifCY1.173(2012) ⚡Cys2Hys2 - Zn2+ Sensor(2009) ⚡His4-Zn2+ sensor(2009)  Zap1 Based Zn Probes ☀RZnP1(2022) ☀ZIBG1(2019) ⚡ZapCV2(2017) ⚡ZapCV5(2017) ☀ZnGreen1(2016) ⚡ZapCY1(2011) ⚡ZapCY2(2011) ⚡ZF1/2-FRET(2006)  ZinCh ◓BLZinCh-2(2016) ◓BLZinCh-3(2016) ⚡eZinCh-2(2015) ⚡eZinCh-1(2011) ⚡Cly9-2His(2008) ⚡ZinCh-x(2007)
Kinases/Phosphatases
Abl	FRET (⚡)	Abl Indicator ⚡Abl Indicator(2001)
Akt	FRET (⚡) Transloc. (⛖) Ex. Rat.(★) FLIM (♣)	Akind ⚡Akind(2006)  Akt translocation Reporters ⛖Akt-FoxO3a-KTR-EGFP(2016) ⛖FoxO1-clover(2015)  AktAR ★ExRai-AktAR2(2021) ⚡VstagAktAR(2020) ★ExRai-AktAR(2018) ⚡AktAR2(2015) ⚡AktAR(2008)  AktUS ⚡Aktus(2003)  BKAR ⚡BKAR v2(2014) ⚡BKAR(2005)  Dual Labeled Akt ⚡GFP-PKB-RFP(2007) ♣GFP-AKT-YFP(2003)  Eevee-Akt ⚡Eevee-iAkt(2014) ⚡Eevee-Akt(2011)  ReAktion ⚡ReAktion1(2007)
AMPK	FRET (⚡) Ex. Rat.(★)	AMPfret ⚡AMPfret 2.1(2019)  AMPKAR ⚡AMPKAR-EV(2017) ⚡bimABKAR(2015) ⚡ABKAR(2015) ⚡AMPKAR(2011)  ExRai-AMPKAR ★ExRai-AMPKAR(2022)
ATM kinase	FRET (⚡)	ATOMIC ⚡ATOMIC(2007)
Aurora B kinase	FRET (⚡)	Aurora B sensor ⚡Aurora B sensor (Chu)(2011) ⚡Aurora B Sensor (Fuller)(2008)
Aurora Kinase A	FLIM (♣) FRET (⚡)	AURKA Biosensor ♣ShadowG-AURKA-mTurquoise2(2019) ⚡GFP-AURKA-GFP(2019) ♣ShadowY-AURKA-mTurquoise2(2019) ⚡superYFP-AURKA-mTurquose2(2019) ⚡AURKA Biosensor(2016)
B-Raf	FRET (⚡)	Prin-BRaf ⚡Prin-BRaf(2006)
Bcr-Abl	FRET (⚡)	Pickles ⚡Pickles-2.3(2010)
C-Raf	FRET (⚡)	Prin-CRaf ⚡Prin-CRaf(2005)
CaMKII	FLIM (♣) FRET (⚡)	Camui ♣Camui-mRmC(2016) ♣ShadowG-Camui(2015) ⚡Camui?-CR (Clover-mRuby2)(2012) ♣green-Camui (alpha)(2009) ♣mRFP/GFP-Camui(2008) ⚡Camui(2005)  FRESCA ⚡FRESCA(2019)  K2alpha ⚡YC-K2alpha(2013) ⚡RY-K2alpha(2013) ⚡RS-K2Alpha(2013)
CaN	FRET (⚡)	CaN Activation ⚡RY-CaN(2013) ⚡YC-CaN(2013)  CaNAR ⚡CaNAR2(2014) ⚡CaNAR1(2008)  CaNARi ⚡CaNARi(2014)  DuoCaN ⚡DuoCaN(2015) ⚡UniCaN(2015)
CDK1	FRET (⚡)	CyclinB1-Cdk1 activity sensor ⚡CyclinB1-Cdk1 activity sensor V2(2014) ⚡CyclinB1-Cdk1 activity sensor V1(2010)
CDK2	Transloc. (⛖)	CDK2 Translocation Reporter ⛖DHB-Ven(2013)
DAPK1	FRET (⚡)	DAPK1 sensor ⚡DAPK1(2011)
EGFR	FRET (⚡)	ECaus ⚡ECaus(2008)  EGFR Reporter ⚡EGFR Reporter(2001)  FLAME ⚡FLAME(2004) ⚡PTB-EYFP, EGFR-ECFP(2004)  Picchu-Z ⚡Picchu-Z(2005)
ERK	FRET (⚡) Inten (☀) FLIM (♣) BRET (◓) Transloc. (⛖) Biolum. (⚫) FLINC (◀) Rat. (◧)	EAS ⚡EAS3(2005)  EKAR ⚡EKAREN5(2021) ⚡EKAREN4(2021) ⚡EKAR4(2020) ⚡fRR-EKARev(2020) ☀RAB-EKARev(2018) ⚡VV FLARE EKAR(2018) ⚡C3C3 FLARE EKAR(2018) ⚡mCh-mCh FLARE EKAR(2018) ⚡VcpV FLARE EKAR(2018) ♣EKARet(2017) ♣EKAR^dual(2017) ⚡bimEKAR(2015) ⚡EKAR3(2015) ⚡EKAREV-TVV(2014) ⚡EKAR-TVV(2014) ◓REV(2013) ⚡EKAR2G(2013) ⚡EKAREV(2011) ⚡EKAR(2008)  ERK-KTR ⛖ERK-KTR(2014)  Erkus ⚡Erkus(2007)  ERKy ⚡ERKy(2012)  FIRE ⚫CBGreen-FIRE(2020) ☀FIRE(2013)  FLINC-EKAR1 ◀FLINC-EKAR1(2017)  FPX ERK ◧FPX EKAR(2015)  Miu2 ⚡Miu2(2006)
FAK	FRET (⚡)	FAK Activation Biosensor ⚡CYFAK413(2008)  FAK Autophosphorylation Biosensor ⚡FAK Autophosphorylation Biosensor(2008)  FAK sensor ⚡FAK sensor(2011)
Fus3	Transloc. (⛖)	Far1-SKARS ⛖Far1-SKARS(2015)
Fyn	FRET (⚡)	FRET ⚡Fyn-FRET(2019)  saFRET ⚡Fyn-saFRET (2021)
GCK	FRET (⚡)	GCK Activation Biosensors ⚡FRET-GCK (cp173-mCer3/mVen)(2016) ⚡FRET-GCK (mCer/mVen)(2011) ⚡Cerulean-GCK-mCit(2004) ⚡FRET-GCK(2002)
H3-S10p	FRET (⚡)	H3S10p biosensor ⚡H3S10p biosensor(2018)
H3-S28p	FRET (⚡)	Histone Phosphorylation reporter ⚡Histone Phosphorylation reporter(2004)
INSR	BRET (◓) FRET (⚡) Inten (☀)	Insulin Receptor Activation BRET assay ◓Insulin Receptor Activation BRET assay(2001)  Phocus ⚡Phocus2(2002) ⚡Phocus-2pp nes(2002)  sinphos ☀cyan-sinphos(2004) ☀green-sinphos(2004) ☀yellow-sinphos(2004)
JNK	FRET (⚡) Transloc. (⛖)	dJUN-FRET ⚡dJUN-FRET(2008)  JNK-KTR ⛖JNK-KTR(2014)  JNKAR ⚡NIR JNKAR(2018) ⚡bimJNKAR(2015) ⚡JNKAR1EV(2011) ⚡JNKAR1(2010)  JuCKY ⚡JuCKY(0)
Kss1	Transloc. (⛖)	Ste7-SKARS ⛖Ste7-SKARS(2015)
LATS	Biolum. (⚫)	LATS-BS ⚫LATS-BS(2018)
Lck	FRET (⚡)	Lck Activation sensor ⚡CLckY-2(2009)
MAPK or MK2	FRET (⚡)	GMB ⚡GMB(2001)
MARK	FRET (⚡)	MARK sensor ⚡MARK-AR1(2011)
Mpk1	Transloc. (⛖)	Mkk2-SKARS ⛖Mkk2-SKARS(2015)
mTORC1	FRET (⚡)	TORCAR ⚡TORCAR(2015)
p38	FRET (⚡) Transloc. (⛖)	p38 activity reporter ⚡p38 activity reporter(2015)  p38-KTR ⛖mKO-MK2(2018) ⛖p38-KTR(2014)
PAK1	FRET (⚡)	Pakabi ⚡Pakabi(2009)
PDGFR	FRET (⚡)	PDGFR Biosensor ⚡PDGFR Biosensor(2017)
PDK1	FRET (⚡)	PARE ⚡PARE(2011)
PKA	FRET (⚡) Ex. Rat.(★) FLIM (♣) Inten (☀) Biolum. (⚫) FLINC (◀) Transloc. (⛖)	AKAR ⚡FluoSTEP-AKAR(2021) ★ExRai-AKAR2(2020) ⚡GR-AKAR3(2020) ⚡Booster-PKA(2020) ★ExRai-AKAR(2018) ♣tAKAR alpha(2018) ⚡C3cpC3 FLARE AKAR(2018) ⚡C3C3 FLARE AKAR(2018) ⚡mCh-mCh FLARE AKAR(2018) ⚡VV FLARE AKAR(2018) ⚡VcpV FLARE AKAR(2018) ☀RAB-AKARev(2018) ☀blueAKAR(2018) ☀sapphireAKAR(2018) ⚡NIR AKAR(2018) ♣AKARet(2017) ♣AKAR5(2017) ♣AKAR^dual(2017) ⚡AKAR4.1(2015) ♣FLIM-AKAR(2014) ⚡AKAR-CR(2012) ⚫LumAKAR(2011) ⚡bimAKAR(2011) ⚡AKAR3EV(2011) ⚡AKAR4(2011) ⚡ICUPID(2011) ⚡AKAR-GR(2011) ⚡CRY-AKAR(2008) ⚡AKAR3(2006) ⚡AKAR2(2005) ⚡AKAR1(2001)  ART ⚡ART(2000)  FLINC-AKAR1 ◀DrFLINC-AKAR(2021) ◀FLINC-AKAR1(2017)  PKA-KTR ⛖PKA-KTR(2014)  RLuc-PCA PKA ⚫RLuc-PCA PKA(2007)  Single Color PKA sensor ☀GAk(2014)
PKC	FRET (⚡) Ex. Rat.(★) Inten (☀) FLIM (♣)	CKAR ⚡aCKAR(2019) ★ExRai-CKAR(2018) ☀sapphireCKAR(2018) ☀blueCKAR(2018) ⚡deltaCKAR(2010) ⚡CKAR(2003)  Eevee-PKC ⚡Eevee-PKC(2011)  IDOCKS ♣IDOCKSalpha(2018) ♣IDOCKSbeta(2018) ♣IDOCKSgamma(2018)  ITRACK ♣ITRACKalpha(2018) ♣ITRACKbeta(2018) ♣ITRACKgamma(2018)  KCP ⚡KCAP-1(2006) ⚡KCP-2(2006) ⚡KCP-1(2004)
PKD	FRET (⚡) Rat. (◧)	DKAR ⚡DKAR(2007)  G-PKDrep ⚡G-PKDrep live(2012) ◧G-PKDrep(2009)
PKM2	FRET (⚡)	PKAR ⚡PKAR2.3(2013)
PTEN	BRET (◓)	Rluc-PTEN-YFP ◓Rluc-PTEN-YFP(2014)
ROCK	FRET (⚡)	Eevee-ROCK ⚡Eevee-ROCK(2017)
RSK	FRET (⚡)	Eevee-RSK ⚡Eevee-RSK(2011)
RTK	FRET (⚡)	Picchu ⚡PicchuEV(2011) ⚡Picchu(2001)
S6K	FRET (⚡)	Eevee-S6K ⚡Eevee-S6K(2011)
SAP3K	FRET (⚡)	SAP3K ⚡SAP3K(2009)
SnRK2.6/OST1	FRET (⚡)	SNACS ⚡SNACS(2020)
Src	FRET (⚡)	Src Indicator ⚡TsStagSrcAR(2020) ⚡BG-Src1.0(2013) ⚡YO-Src1.0(2012) ⚡Src Reporter (ECFP/YPet)(2008) ⚡Src Reporter(2005) ⚡Src Indicator(2001)  Srcus ⚡Srcus(2007)
ZAP-70	FRET (⚡)	ROZA ⚡ROZA(2008)  saFRET ⚡ZAP70-saFRET (2021)
Metabolites
aspartate	Inten (☀)	iSnFR ☀jAspSnFR3(2024)
malonyl-CoA	Biolum. (⚫)	FapR-NLuc ⚫FapR-NLuc(2019)
Neurotransmitters
5-HT	FRET (⚡) Inten (☀)	5-HT 3A CNiFER ⚡5-HT 3A LGIC CNiFER(2011)  dLight ☀5HT2A-dLight(2018)  G-GESS ☀G-GESS(2021)  GRAB-5HT ☀GRAB-5HT(2021)  iSnFR ☀iSeroSnFR(2020)
ACh	FRET (⚡) Inten (☀)	ACh CNiFER ⚡α4β2-nAChR LGIC CNiFER(2011) ⚡α7 LGIC CNiFER(2011) ⚡M1-CNiFER(2010)  ACh-Snifit ⚡ACh-Snifit-D(2014) ⚡ACh-Snifit-E(2014) ⚡ACh-Snifit^WA-E(2014)  GACh ☀GACh1.0(2018) ☀GACh2.0(2018)
Dopamine	Inten (☀) FRET (⚡)	dLight : Dopamine ☀RdLight1(2020) ☀dLight1.2(2018)  Dopamine CNiFER ⚡D2 CNiFER(2014)  GRAB-DA ☀rDA1(2020) ☀GRAB_DA1m(2018) ☀GRAB_DA1h(2018)
eCB	Inten (☀)	GRAB-eCB ☀GRAB-eCB2.0(2022)
GABA	FRET (⚡) Inten (☀)	GABA-Snifit ⚡GABA-Snifit(2012)  iGABASnFR ☀iGABASnFR(2019)
Glutamate	FRET (⚡) Inten (☀)	FLIP Glt ⚡FLIP-cpGltI210(2009)  FLIPE ⚡FLIPE-Y Series(2005) ⚡FLIPE-Y Surface series(2005) ⚡FLII^81PE-1u(2005)  GluSnFR ⚡superGluSnFR(2008)  iGluSnFR ☀iGluSnFR3 (2023) ☀iGlu_u(2018) ☀iGlu_f(2018) ☀iGluSnFR(2013)  QBP based Gln Sensor ⚡Gln D157N reporter(2010)  Snifit-iGluR5 ⚡Snifit-iGluR5(2012)
Glycine	FRET (⚡)	glycine FRET sensor ⚡GlyFS(2018)
NE	FRET (⚡)	NE CNiFER ⚡α1A CNiFER(2014)
Nicotine	Inten (☀)	iNicSnFR ☀iNicSnFR3a(2019)
Orexin Neuropeptide	Inten (☀)	dLight : Orexin ☀OxLight1(2022)
Oxytocin	Inten (☀)	GRAB-OT ☀GRAB-OT1.0(2023)
Other PTMs
K27H3 methyltransferase	FRET (⚡)	K27 Reporter ⚡K27 Reporter(2004)
K9H3 methyltransferase	FRET (⚡)	K9 Reporter ⚡H3K9me3 Biosensor(2018) ⚡K9 Reporter(2004)
OGT	FRET (⚡)	O-GlcNAc Sensor ⚡O-GlcNAc Sensor(2006)
Ubiquitination	Inten (☀)	REACh-Ubiquitin ☀REACh-Ubiquitin(2006)
Other Signaling Proteins
Annexin 4	FRET (⚡)	NEX4 ⚡ORNEX4(2008) ⚡CYNEX4(2006)
Bax	Transloc. (⛖)	Bax Translocation reporter ⛖Bax Translocation reporter(2016)
beta Arrestin 2	BRET (◓)	Beta Arrestin 2 ubiquitination biosensor ◓Beta Arrestin 2 ubiquitination biosensor(2004)
CaM	FRET (⚡)	BSCaM ⚡BSCaM2(1999) ⚡BSCaM1(1997)  MLCK-FIP ⚡MLCK-FIP(2002)
CRAC	Transloc. (⛖)	PH(crac)-GFP ⛖PH(crac)-GFP(2002)
CREB	FRET (⚡)	ICAP ⚡ICAP(2010)
Histone Acetylation	FRET (⚡)	Histac ⚡Histac-H3K9/14(2016) ⚡Histac-H4K12(2011) ⚡Histac-H4K5/8(2009)
MLKL	FRET (⚡)	SMART ⚡mSMART(2018) ⚡hSMART(2018)
N-WASP	FRET (⚡)	N-WASP BS ⚡N-WASP BS(2004)
PMCA	FRET (⚡)	PMCA Activity Sensor ⚡BFP-PMCA-GFP(2007)
PI/lipid
3prime IP	Transloc. (⛖) FRET (⚡)	GFP AKT domains ⛖GFP-AH(1999) ⛖GFP-Akt(1999)  Homo FRET mCherry-Akt-PH ⚡mCherry-Akt-PH(2015)  InPAkt ⚡InPAkt(2005)
DAG	Transloc. (⛖) FRET (⚡)	Cys1-GFP ⛖Cys1-GFP(1998) ⛖C1_2-GFP(1998)  Daglas ⚡Daglas-pm1(2006) ⚡Daglas-em1(2006) ⚡Daglas-mit1(2006)  DAGR ⚡DAGR(2003)  Digda ⚡Digda(2008)
Ins(1,3,4,5)P4	Ex. Rat.(★)	Btk PH domain based ★Btk-cpGFP(2009)
IP3	FRET (⚡) BRET (◓) Transloc. (⛖)	FIRE ⚡FIRE-1(2006) ⚡FIRE-2(2006) ⚡FIRE-3(2006)  fretino ◓bretino(2015) ⚡FRET InsP3 sensor(2015) ⚡fretino-2(2005)  GFP-PH ⛖GFP-PHD(1999)  IRIS ⚡IRIS-1(2006)  LIBRA ⚡LIBRAVIIIS(2009) ⚡LIBRAvIII(2009) ⚡LIBRAvII(2009) ⚡LIBRAvI(2009) ⚡LIBRA(2004)
PA	FRET (⚡)	Pii ⚡Pii-DK(2010)
PI(3)P	Transloc. (⛖)	GFP-FYVE ⛖GFP-FYVE (FENS-1)(2001) ⛖GFP-EEA1 (FYVE)(1998) ⛖GFP-Pib1p(1998)  GFP-PX ⛖GFP-PX(2001)
PI(3,4)P2	Loc. (♦) FRET (⚡)	cPHx3 ♦NES-EGFP-cPHx3(2019)  Pippi-PI(3,4)P2 ⚡Pippi-PI(3,4)P2(2006)
PI(3,5)P2	Transloc. (⛖)	GFP-MLN1 ⛖GFP-MLN1(2013)
PI(4)P	BRET (◓) FRET (⚡)	BRET PI(4)P sensors ◓OSH2-2xPH(2016) ◓SidM-2xP4M(2016)  Pippi ⚡Pippi-PI(4)P(2008)
PI(4,5)P2	FRET (⚡) Loc. (♦) Transloc. (⛖) Rat. (◧)	CAY ⚡CAY(2004)  CYPHR ⚡CYPHR(2003)  ENTH-GFP ♦ENTH-GFP(2019)  FP-Tubby ⛖FP-Tubby(2001)  FPX PIP2 sensor ◧FPX PIP2 sensor(2015)  PH(PLCdelta) ⚡PH(PLCdelta)-CFP/YFP(2001) ⛖GFP-PH(1998) ⛖PH(PLCdelta) - GFP(1998)  Pippi-PI(4,5)P2 ⚡Pippi-PI(4,5)P2(2008)  R-PRE ⛖R-PRE(2006)
PIP3	FRET (⚡) Transloc. (⛖) BRET (◓)	FLLIP ⚡FLLIP(2003)  InPAkt ⚡InPAkt(2005)  Labeled PH domains ⛖PH(GRP1)-GFP(1999) ⛖PH(PKB)-GFP(1999)  PIP3 BRET sensor ◓PIP3 BRET sensor(2012)
PS	Transloc. (⛖)	2xPH(EVECTIN2) ⛖2xPH(EVECTIN2)(2011) ⛖2xPH(EVECTIN2)(2011)  cPLA2-C2 ⛖cPLA2-C2-GFP(2003)  Lact-C2 ⛖GFP - Lact-C2(2008) ⛖mRFP - Lact-C2(2008)  PKC-C2 ⛖PKCα-C2-EGFP(2003) ⛖C2-GFP(1998)  PLCdelta1-C2 ⛖PLCdelta1-C2-EGFP(2002)
sterol	Loc. (♦)	mCherry-D4H ♦mCherry-D4H(2020)
Protease
3CLPro	Inten (☀)	Flip-GFP ☀FlipGFP (3CLPro)(2020)
Atg4a	FRET (⚡)	FRET-LC3B ⚡FRET-LC3B(2012)
Atg4b	FRET (⚡)	FRET-GATE-16 ⚡FRET-GATE-16(2012)
Caspase1	Rat. (◧) FRET (⚡)	FPX caspase 1 sensor ◧single polypeptide FPX caspase 1 sensor(2015)  SCAT1 ⚡SCAT1(2014)
Caspase3	FRET (⚡) Rat. (◧) Inten (☀)	CASPAM ⚡CASPAM (sCas3-GP)(2021)  ddFP based ◧single polypeptide FPX Caspase 3 sensor(2015) ◧Bimolecular FPX Caspase 3 reporter(2015) ☀ddRFP-A1B1-DEVD(2012)  DEVD ⚡mAmetrine-DEVD-tdTomato(2008) ⚡mCitrine-DEVD-mTFP1(2008) ⚡BFP-DEVD-GFP(2002) ⚡Sensor C3(2001) ⚡CFP-DEVD-YFP(2000)  DEVK ⚡MiCy-DEVK-mKO(2004)  EC-RP ⚡EC-RP(2008)  Far-Red Caspase sensors ⚡mKate2-DEVD-iRFP(2016)  Flip-GFP ☀FlipGFP (Casp3 cleavage seq)(2019)  Intein Based ☀sDnaB-cpM4(DEVD)(2013)  iProtease ☀iCasper(2015)  SCAT3 ⚡SCAT3(2003)  yDMQDc ⚡yDMQDc(2006)
Caspase8	FRET (⚡) Rat. (◧)	Bid cleavage sensor ⚡Bid cleavage sensor(2002)  FPX caspase 8 sensor ◧single polypeptide FPX caspase 8 sensor(2015)  IC-RP ⚡IC-RP(2008)
Caspase9	FRET (⚡)	SCAT9 ⚡SCAT9(2003)
Enterokinase	BRET (◓)	BRET-based ◓hGluc-EK-tdTomato(2013)
Matriptase	Inten (☀)	ddFP-based ☀ddRFP-matriptase(2018)
Mpro	BRET (◓) Inten (☀)	BRET-based ◓mNG-Mpro-NLuc(2022)  Flip-GFP ☀FlipGFP (MPro cleavage seq)(2021)
MT1-MMP	FRET (⚡)	MT1-MMP Biosensor ⚡MT1-MMP Biosensor (mCherry/mOrange2)(2010) ⚡MT1-MMP Biosensor(2008)
TEV	Inten (☀)	Flip-GFP ☀FlipGFP (TEV cleavage sequence)(2019) ☀ZipGFP(2016)
Receptors/GPCRs
A1R	FRET (⚡)	A1R SPASM ⚡A1R - FL Gαi SPASM(2017) ⚡A1R - FL Gαs SPASM(2017)
alpha2A-AR	BRET (◓)	Receptor Conformation Sensor ◓alpha2A-Nluc/HaloTag(2018)
Beta1-AR	Inten (☀)	dLight ☀B1AR-dLight(2018)
Beta2-AR	BRET (◓) Inten (☀) FRET (⚡) Transloc. (⛖)	BRET^2 β2-AR Activation Probes ◓β2AR-RLuc GFP-Ggamma2(2005) ◓β2AR-RLuc GFP-Gbeta1(2005) ◓β2AR-RLuc G alpha s-GFP10(2005)  dLight ☀B2AR-dLight(2018)  β2-AR SPASM ⚡β2-AR FL Gαq SPASM(2017) ⚡β2-AR FL Gαs SPASM(2017) ⚡β2-AR-Gα SPASM(2013)  Nb80 ⛖Nb80-GFP(2013)  Receptor Conformation Sensor ◓Beta2-Nluc/HaloTag(2018)
Dictyostelium GPCR	FRET (⚡)	Labeled G proteins ⚡Gβ-YFP + Gα2-CFP(2001)
DRD2	Inten (☀)	iTango ☀DRD2-iTango(2017)
FZD4	Inten (☀)	Receptor Conformation Sensor ☀FZD4-cpGFP(2021)
FZD5	Inten (☀)	Receptor Conformation Sensor ☀FZD5-cpGFP(2021)
FZD6	Inten (☀)	Receptor Conformation Sensor ☀FZD6-cpGFP(2021)
FZD7	Inten (☀)	Receptor Conformation Sensor ☀FZD7-cpGFP(2021)
Gα	FRET (⚡) BRET (◓)	Galpha activation ⚡MiniG(2018) ◓MiniG(RLuc8-Venus)(2018)
Gαi	FRET (⚡)	Gαi Sensor ⚡Gαi1 Sensor v2(2016) ⚡Gαi2 Sensor v2(2016) ⚡Gαi3 Sensor v2(2016) ⚡Galphai1 v1(2006) ⚡Galphai2 v1(2006) ⚡G(alpha)i3 v1(2006) ⚡Bunemann Gai-Gb1(2003) ⚡Bunemann Gai-Gg2(2003)
Gαq	FRET (⚡)	Gαq Sensor ⚡Gαq Sensor (v2)(2011) ⚡Gαq Sensor (v1)(2009)
Gαs	FRET (⚡) BRET (◓) Transloc. (⛖)	Gαs Sensor ⚡Gαs Sensor(2006)  Gs Activation BRET Assay ◓RLucII-117-Gαs + GFP10-Gγ1(2016)  Nb37 based ⛖Nb37-YFP(2017)
H3R	BRET (◓)	Receptor Conformation Sensor ◓H3R-Nluc/HaloTag(2020)
Heterotrimeric G Proteins	BRET (◓)	αβγ trimerization ◓G-CASE(2021) ◓TRUPATH(2020)
α1-AR	FRET (⚡)	α1-AR SPASM ⚡α1-AR FL Gαq SPASM(2017)
α2A-AR	Inten (☀) FRET (⚡) BRET (◓)	dLight ☀A2AR-dLight(2018)  α2-AR SPASM ⚡α2-AR FL Gαi SPASM(2017) ⚡α2-AR FL Gαs SPASM(2017)  α2A-AR + labeled G protein ◓α2A-AR-Venus + G alpha i1 - 91Rluc(2006) ◓α2A-AR-Venus + RLuc-Ggamma2(2006) ◓α2A-AR-Venus + G alpha i1 - 122Rluc(2006) ⚡α2A-YFP + CFP-Ggamma2(2005)  α2A-AR activation sensor ⚡α2A-AR-cam(2003)
kappa-opioid receptor	Inten (☀)	dLight ☀KOR-dLight(2018)
M1R	FRET (⚡)	M1R Activation Sensor ⚡M1R-EYFP-Cerulean(2009)
M3R	FRET (⚡)	Receptor Conformation Sensor ⚡hM3R-YFP-CFP(2023)
MT2	Inten (☀)	dLight ☀MT2-dLight(2018)
mu-opioid receptor	Inten (☀)	dLight ☀MOR-dLight(2018)
ODR-10	BRET (◓)	OGOR ◓OGOR(2011)
opsin	FRET (⚡)	opsin SPASM ⚡opsin-Gα SPASM(2013)
PTH1R	BRET (◓)	Receptor Conformation Sensor ◓PTH1R-Nluc/HaloTag(2018)
PTHR	FRET (⚡)	PTHR activation sensor ⚡PTHR-cam(2003)
TrkB	FLIM (♣)	TrkB-PLC interaction ♣TrkB Sensor(2016)
VEGF	BRET (◓)	BRET VEGF biosensor ◓BRET VEGF biosensor(2016)
Redox
H2O2	Inten (☀) Ex. Rat.(★) FRET (⚡)	HyPer ☀Hyper-7(2020) ☀NeonOxIrr(2019) ★HyPerRed(2014) ★HyPer-3(2013) ★HyPer-2(2011) ★HyPer(2006)  roGFP based H2O2 sensor ★roGFP2-Tsa2 delta Cr(2016) ★roGFP2-Tsa2 delta Cp delta Cr(2016) ★roGFP2-Orp1(2009) ★roGFP2-GPx4(2009)  Unnatural Amino Acid H2O2 sensor ☀UFP-Tyr66pBoPhe(2012)  Yap1 based H2O2 sensor ⚡OxyFRET(2013) ⚡PerFRET(2013)
H2S	Inten (☀)	pAzF H2S sensors ☀hsGFP(2014) ☀cpGFP-Tyr66pAzF(2012)
NADP+	FRET (⚡)	Apollo-NADP+ ⚡Apollo-NADP+(2016)  NADPsor ⚡NADPsor(2016)
NADP+:NADPH Ratio	FRET (⚡)	NADP-Snifit ⚡NADP-Snifit(2018)
NADPH	Ex. Rat.(★) BRET (◓)	iNap ★iNap1(2017) ★iNap2(2017) ★iNap3(2017)  Semi-synthetic BRET Sensor ◓SNAP-P30-[cpNLuc inserted]eDHFR(2018)
NO	FRET (⚡) Inten (☀)	FRET-MT ⚡FRET-MT(2000)  geNOps ☀geNOps(2016)  sGC based NO biosensor ⚡Piccell(2006) ⚡NOA-1(2005)
OHP	Inten (☀)	OHSer ☀OHSer(2010)
ONOO-	Inten (☀)	pnGFP ☀pnGFP(2013)
redox status	FRET (⚡) Inten (☀) Ex. Rat.(★)	HSP33 ⚡HSP-FRET(2006)  redox-sensitive linker ⚡CY-RL7(2011) ⚡RedoxFluor(2010) ⚡ECFP-RL-EYFP(2008)  roFP ☀Grx1-roCherry(2018) ★Grx1-roGFP2(2008) ★roGFP1-iX(2008) ★roGFP1-Rx Family(2006) ★roGFP1(2004) ★roGFP2(2004) ☀roKate(0)  rxRFP ☀TrxRFP1(2017) ☀rxRFP1.X Sensitivity series(2016) ☀rxRFP(2015)  rxYFP ☀rxYFP-Grx1p(2006) ☀rxYFP^149_202(2001)
ROS	Ex. Rat.(★)	pHaROS ★pHaROS-red(2019) ★GRX1-pHaROS(2019)  pHaROS ★pHaROS(2019)
superoxide	Inten (☀)	mt-cpYFP ☀mt-cpYFP(2008)
Small G-Protein
Cdc42	FRET (⚡) FLIM (♣) Inten (☀)	(CDC42) GEF Sensor ⚡(CDC42) GEF Sensor(2003)  CDC42 Biosensor ⚡CDC42 Biosensor(2014)  Cdc42 FRET ♣Cdc42 FRET (mRuby2/mCherry (I202Y))(2016) ♣Cdc42-CyRM(2016) ♣Cdc42 FRET(2011)  CDC42 Raichu ⚡CRIB Raichu(2002) ⚡CDC42 Raichu(2002)  Cdc42-2G ⚡Cdc42-2G(2016)  ddFP Cdc42 Biosensor ☀R-Cdc42(2019)  GDI Cdc42 FLARE ⚡GDI Cdc42 FLARE(2016)
Rab13	FRET (⚡)	Rab13 ⚡Rab13(2015)
Rab5	FRET (⚡)	Rab5 Raichu ⚡Rab5 Raichu(2008)
Rac1	Inten (☀) FRET (⚡)	ddFP Rac1 sensors ☀R-Rac1(2019)  FLAIR ⚡FLAIR(2000)  FLARE ⚡Rac1-FLARE(2009)  GDI Rac1 FLARE ⚡GDI Rac1 FLARE(2016)  Rac1 Raichu ⚡Rac1 Raichu EV(2011) ⚡Rac1 Raichu(2002) ⚡CRIB Raichu(2002)  Single Chain Rac1 biosensors ⚡NIR Rac1 Biosensor(2018) ⚡Single chain Rac1 Biosensor v2(2016) ⚡Rac1-2G(2015) ⚡Single-chain Rac1 Biosensor(2014)
Rac2	FRET (⚡)	Single Chain Rac2 biosensors ⚡Single Chain Rac2 biosensor(2016)
Rac3	FRET (⚡)	Single Chain Rac3 biosensors ⚡Single Chain Rac3 biosensor(2017)
Ral	FRET (⚡)	Raichu-Ral ⚡Raichu-RalA(2004) ⚡Raichu-RalB(2004)
Ran	FRET (⚡)	Ran FRET probes ⚡YRC(2002) ⚡YIC(2002)
Rap1	FRET (⚡)	Rap1 Raichu ⚡Rap1 Raichu(2001)  Rap1-FLARE ⚡Rap1A-FLARE(2019) ⚡Rap1B-FLARE(2019)
Ras	Inten (☀) FRET (⚡) FLIM (♣)	ddFP Ras Biosensor ☀G-KRas(2019) ☀R-KRas(2019)  DORA Ras ⚡DORA Ras(2015)  FRas ♣ShadowY H-Ras Sensor(2017) ♣ShadowG FRas2-M(2015) ♣FRas2-F(2013) ♣FRas2-M(2013) ♣FRas(2006) ♣FRas-F(2006)  Ras Raichu ⚡Ras Raichu EV(2011) ⚡Ras Raichu(2001)  RasAR ⚡RasAR(2022)
Rho	Transloc. (⛖)	GBD ⛖dimericTomato-2xrGBD(2021)
RhoA	FRET (⚡) FLIM (♣)	GDI-RhoA FLARE ⚡GDI-RhoA FLARE(2016)  RhoA FLARE ⚡RhoA DORA(2015) ⚡RhoA2G(2013) ⚡bimolecular RhoA Biosensor(2009) ⚡RhoA FLARE | RhoA1G(2006)  RhoA FRET ♣RhoA FRET (mRuby2/mCherry (I202Y))(2016) ♣RhoA-CyRM(2016) ♣RhoA-FRET(2011)  RhoA Raichu ⚡RhoA Raichu CR(2012) ⚡RBD Raichu(2006) ⚡RhoA Raichu(2003)
RhoB	FRET (⚡)	DORA RhoB ⚡RhoB FRET Sensor(2016)
RhoC	FRET (⚡)	DORA RhoC ⚡RhoC FRET Sensor(2016)  RhoC FLARE ⚡RhoC FLARE(2013)
RhoQ	FRET (⚡)	TC10 Raichu ⚡TC10 Raichu(2006)
RRas	FRET (⚡)	RRas Raichu ⚡RRas Raichu(2007)