List of Biosensors

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Target BS Family/Name	Source	Readout Mech	Components	Readout of...	Comments
2OG
mOGsor
mOGsor	Zhang C and Ye BC Biosens Bioelectron 2014	Intensity	YFP (1-145) | GAF | YFP (146-238)	binding
3CLPro
Flip-GFP
FlipGFP (3CLPro)	Froggatt HM et al. J Virol 2020	Intensity	Beta-10|E5|Beta-11|3CLPro cleavage sequence|K5||Beta 1-9	other
3prime IP
GFP AKT domains
GFP-AH	Watton SJ and Downward J Curr Biol 1999	Translocation	GFP | PH domain from Akt	binding
GFP-Akt	Watton SJ and Downward J Curr Biol 1999	Translocation	GFP | Akt	binding
Homo FRET mCherry-Akt-PH
mCherry-Akt-PH	Warren SC et al. Int J Mol Sci 2015	FRET	mCherry|Akt PH domain	binding	Intermolecular Homo-FRET
InPAkt
InPAkt	Ananthanarayanan B et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005	FRET	CFP | AKT PH domain (1-164) | Pseudoligand peptide VAEEEDDEEEDEDD | Venus	binding
pmInPAkt	Ananthanarayanan B et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005	FRET	CFP | AKT PH domain (1-164) | Pseudoligand peptide VAEEEDDEEEDEDD | Venus | CAAX	binding
NLS-InPAkt	Ananthanarayanan B et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005	FRET	CFP | AKT PH domain (1-164) | Pseudoligand peptide VAEEEDDEEEDEDD | Venus	binding
5-HT
5-HT 3A CNiFER
5-HT 3A LGIC CNiFER	Yamauchi JG et al. PLoS One 2011	FRET	mouse 5-HT 3A receptor|| || TN-XXL Ca2+Biosensor	binding	Co-expressed in a cell and co-cultured or implanted with neurons.
dLight
5HT2A-dLight	Patriarchi T et al. Science 2018	Intensity	HA secretory sequence | Flag-tag | HTR2A N terminal | cpGFP | HTR2A C terminal	binding
G-GESS
G-GESS	Zhang S et al. Nat Methods 2021	Intensity		binding	Uses soft tick Argas monolakensis AM182 as the serotonin binding lipocalin
GRAB-5HT
GRAB-5HT	Wan J et al. Nat Neurosci 2021	Intensity	HTR2C|TM5|cpGFP|TM6|HTR2C	binding
iSnFR
iSeroSnFR	Unger EK et al. Cell 2020	Intensity	IGK|OpuBC30-106|linker|cpsfGFP|linker|OpuBC107-305|Myc Epitope|PDGFR TM	binding
A1R
A1R SPASM
A1R - FL Gαi SPASM	Malik RU et al. Sci Rep 2017	FRET	A1R | mCitrine | ER/K linker | mCerulean | FL Gαi	binding
A1R - FL Gαs SPASM	Malik RU et al. Sci Rep 2017	FRET	A1R | mCitrine | ER/K linker | mCerulean | FL Gαs	binding
Abl
Abl Indicator
Abl Indicator	Ting AY et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001	FRET	CFP | Crk | YFP	phosphorylation	Responds to both Abl and EGFR
ACh
ACh CNiFER
M1-CNiFER	Nguyen QT et al. Nat Neurosci 2010	FRET	M1 Receptor || TN-XXL Ca2+Biosensor	binding	Co-expressed in a cell and co-cultured or implanted with neurons.
α7 LGIC CNiFER	Yamauchi JG et al. PLoS One 2011	FRET	α7-Ric3 nicotinic receptor || TN-XXL Ca2+Biosensor	binding	Co-expressed in a cell and co-cultured or implanted with neurons.
α4β2-nAChR LGIC CNiFER	Yamauchi JG et al. PLoS One 2011	FRET	α4β2-nAChR ||TN-XXL Ca2+Biosensor	binding	Co-expressed in a cell and co-cultured or implanted with neurons.
ACh-Snifit
ACh-Snifit-D	Schena A and Johnsson K Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014	FRET	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) | CLIP-tag conjugated benzylcytosine (BC)-Cy3 | (GPGGA)8 Linker | SNAP-tag conjugated benzylguanine (BG) Deca| Transmembrane Domain	binding	Semisynthetic
ACh-Snifit-E	Schena A and Johnsson K Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014	FRET	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) | CLIP-tag conjugated benzylcytosine (BC)-Cy3 | (GPGGA)8 Linker | SNAP-tag conjugated benzylguanine (BG) Edro | Transmembrane Domain	binding	Semisynthetic biosensor. From the paper
ACh-Snifit^WA-E	Schena A and Johnsson K Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014	FRET	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) W310A | CLIP-tag conjugated benzylcytosine (BC)-Cy3 | (GPGGA)8 Linker | SNAP-tag conjugated benzylguanine (BG) Edro | Transmembrane Domain	binding	Semisynthetic biosensor. More sensitive than ACh-Snifit-E
GACh
GACh1.0	Jing M et al. Nat Biotechnol 2018	Intensity	MR Trans membrane domains 1-5 |GG Linker | cpGFP| GGAAA Linker |MR TM domains 6-7	binding	GACh has the sensitivity, specificity, SNR, kinetics and photostability suitable for monitoring ACh signals in vitro and in vivo
GACh2.0	Jing M et al. Nat Biotechnol 2018	Intensity	MR Trans membrane domains 1-5 |GG Linker | cpGFP| APSVA Linker |MR TM domains 6-7	binding
ADP
ADPrime
ADPrime	Trull KJ et al. Sensors (Basel) 2019	FRET	mTFP1 | ParM | mVenus-cp157	binding	Also has low (50-fold less) affinity for ATP
Akt
Akind
Akind	Yoshizaki H et al. Biochem Soc Trans 2006	FRET	Akt PH domain | YFP | Akt Cat domain | CFP	binding	Akt activation
Akt translocation Reporters
FoxO1-clover	Gross SM and Rotwein P J Cell Sci 2015	Translocation	FoxO1 (S209A, H212R, S215A) | Clover	phosphorylation
Akt-FoxO3a-KTR-EGFP	Maryu G et al. Cell Struct Funct 2016	Translocation	FoxO3a 1-402 H212R | EGFP	phosphorylation
AktAR
AktAR	Gao X and Zhang J Mol Biol Cell 2008	FRET	Cerulean | FHA1 |FOXO1|cpVenus E172	phosphorylation
Lyn-AktAR	Gao X and Zhang J Mol Biol Cell 2008	FRET	Lyn|Cerulean | FHA1 |FOXO1|cpVenus E172	phosphorylation
AktAR-Kras	Gao X and Zhang J Mol Biol Cell 2008	FRET	Cerulean | FHA1 |FOXO1|cpVenus E172|Kras	phosphorylation
AktAR2	Zhou X et al. Cell Rep 2015	FRET	Cerulean2 | FHA1 |FOXO1|cpVenus E172	phosphorylation
ExRai-AktAR	Mehta S et al. Nat Cell Biol 2018	Excitation Ratiometric	Akt substrate|cpEGFP|FHA1	phosphorylation
VstagAktAR	Mo GCH et al. Nat Commun 2020	FRET	Venus | FHA1 | Akt substrate | stagRFP	phosphorylation
ExRai-AktAR2	Chen M et al. ACS Cent Sci 2021	Excitation Ratiometric	PKA substrate|linker1|cpEGFP| linker2|FHA1	phosphorylation
AktUS
Aktus	Sasaki K et al. J Biol Chem 2003	FRET	CFP|14-3-3 eta 82-235|GGSSGGSS linker | Akt substrate (RGRSRSAP) | YFP	phosphorylation
eNOS-Aktus	Sasaki K et al. J Biol Chem 2003	FRET	eNos(1-35)|CFP|14-3-3 eta 82-235|GGSSGGSS linker | Akt substrate (RGRSRSAP) | YFP	phosphorylation
Bad-Aktus	Sasaki K et al. J Biol Chem 2003	FRET	Tom20(1-33)|CFP|14-3-3 eta 82-235|GGSSGGSS linker | Akt substrate (RGRSRSAP) | YFP	phosphorylation
BKAR
BKAR	Kunkel MT et al. J Biol Chem 2005	FRET	CFP | FHA2 | PKB substrate | YFP	phosphorylation
NLS-BKAR	Kunkel MT et al. J Biol Chem 2005	FRET	CFP | FHA2 | PKB substrate | YFP	phosphorylation
BKAR v2	Belal AS et al. Mol Biosyst 2014	FRET	mTFP1 | FHA2 | 218 linker | PKB substrate | YFP	phosphorylation	Not explicitly named BKAR v2
Dual Labeled Akt
GFP-PKB-RFP	Calleja V et al. PLoS Biol 2007	FRET	EGFP|PKBalpha | mRFP	binding	Akt activation
GFP-AKT-YFP	Calleja V et al. Biochem J 2003	FLIM-FRET	GFP | AKT | YFP	binding
Eevee-Akt
Eevee-iAkt	Miura H et al. Cell Struct Funct 2014	FRET	YPet | FHA1 | EV Linker | GSK3Beta Akt Sequence | ECFP	phosphorylation	Higher specificity for Akt
Eevee-iAkt	Miura H et al. Cell Struct Funct 2014	FRET	YPet | FHA1 | EV Linker | GSK3Beta Akt Sequence | ECFP	phosphorylation	Higher specificity for Akt
Eevee-Akt	Komatsu N et al. Mol Biol Cell 2011	FRET	Akt PH | YPet | FHA1 | EV LInker | Akt Consensus Seq | ECFP | NES	phosphorylation
ReAktion
ReAktion1	Ananthanarayanan B et al. J Biol Chem 2007	FRET	Lyn|CFP|Akt1|YFP	binding	Akt activation. Based off of Akt1
alpha2A-AR
Receptor Conformation Sensor
alpha2A-Nluc/HaloTag	Schihada H et al. Commun Biol 2018	BRET	alpha2A-adrenergic receptor, NanoLuciferase, HaloTag	other
Ammonium
AmTrac
AmTrac	De Michele R et al. Elife 2013	Intensity	AMT1;3 aa 1-233 | LE linker | mcpGFP | FN linker | AMT1;3 aa 234-498	binding
AmTryoshika1;3-LS-F138I	Ast C et al. Nat Commun 2017	Ratiometric	AMT1;3-N F138I | LS linker | sfGFP-C | GGT Linker | LSSmORange | GGS linker | sfGFP-N | FN linker | AMT1;3-C	binding
AmTryoshika1;3-LS-F138I -T78H	Ast C et al. Nat Commun 2017	Ratiometric	AMT1;3-N F138I | LS linker | sfGFP-C T78H | GGT Linker | LSSmORange | GGS linker | sfGFP-N | FN linker | AMT1;3-C	binding
AMPK
AMPfret
AMPfret 2.1	Pelosse M et al. Nat Commun 2019	FRET	alpha 2 AMPK domain | helix | mseCFP delta 11 | beta 2 AMPK domain | cpVenus | gamma 1 AMPK domain	binding	Measures AMPK activation by conformational change in AMPK, not for AMPK activity but the on/off of the kinase itself
AMPKAR
AMPKAR	Tsou P et al. Cell Metab 2011	FRET	ECFP 1-227 | FHA1 | AMPK substrate | Venus 174-172	phosphorylation
ABKAR	Sample V et al. Mol Biol Cell 2015	FRET	Cerulean3 | FHA1 | AMPK consensus sequence| cpE172 Venus	phosphorylation	Also senses BRSK activity
bimABKAR	Depry C et al. Chem Biol 2015	FRET	Cerulean|FHA1|NES || AMPK substrate| YPet|NES	phosphorylation
AMPKAR-EV	Konagaya Y et al. Cell Rep 2017	FRET	Ypet|FHA1|EV linker|AMPK substrate|SECFP	phosphorylation	Adapted Eevee backbone (Komatsu et al 2011) for use as an AMPK biosensor
ExRai-AMPKAR
ExRai-AMPKAR	Schmitt DL et al. Nat Commun 2022	Excitation Ratiometric	AMPKsub | linker | cpEGFP | linker | FHA1	phosphorylation
Annexin 4
NEX4
CYNEX4	Piljic A and Schultz C Mol Biol Cell 2006	FRET	ECFP| Annexin A4 | EYFP	binding
ORNEX4	Piljic A and Schultz C ACS Chem Biol 2008	FRET	mCherry | Annexin A4 | mOrange	binding
Arabinose
FLIPara
FLIPara-250n	Kaper T et al. Biotechnol Biofuels 2008	FRET	eCFP | K12 araF | Venus	binding
Arg
FRET Arg Reporter
FRET Arg Reporter	Bogner M and Ludewig U J Fluoresc 2007	FRET	Citrine | glutamine binding protein (QBP) from E Coli | ECFP	binding	Also binds Orn but not Gln
As3+
SenALiB
SenALiB	Soleja N et al. Sci Rep 2019	FRET	ECFP|ArsR|Venus	binding
aspartate
iSnFR
jAspSnFR3	Davidsen K et al. Elife 2024	Intensity	GltI with binding site mutation	binding
Atg4a
FRET-LC3B
FRET-LC3B	Li M et al. Autophagy 2012	FRET	CFP | LC3B Atg4a cleavage sequence | YFP	other
Atg4b
FRET-GATE-16
FRET-GATE-16	Li M et al. Autophagy 2012	FRET	CFP | GATE-16 Atg4b cleavage sequence | YFP	other
ATM kinase
ATOMIC
ATOMIC	Johnson SA et al. DNA Repair (Amst) 2007	FRET	CFP | FHA2 Rad53 | TQ | YFP	phosphorylation
ATP
ATeam
ATeam1.03	Imamura H et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009	FRET	mseCFP| epsilon subunit of Bacillus subtilis F0F1-ATP synthase| mVenus	binding	Absolute [ATP]
ATeam3.10	Imamura H et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009	FRET	mseCFP| epsilon subunit of Bacillus subtilis PS3| mVenus	binding	Absolute [ATP]
ATeam1.03NL	Tsuyama T et al. Anal Chem 2013	FRET	mseCFP| epsilon subunit of Bacillus subtilis F0F1-ATP synthase (NTD M60N, CTD K132L)| mVenus	binding	Improved sensitivity at lower temperatures, used in vivo Drosophila.
GO-Ateam	Nakano M et al. ACS Chem Biol 2011	FRET	mKOkappa| epsilon subunit of Bacillus subtilis F0F1-ATP synthase| cp173-mEGFP	binding
BTeam	Yoshida T et al. Sci Rep 2016	BRET	mVenus | epsilon subunit of Bacillus subtilis F0F1-ATP synthase| NanoLuciferase	binding	NanoLuciferace does not consume ATP so works for this biosensor
ARSeNL-ATP	Min SH et al. Sensors (Basel) 2019	BRET	mScarlet | epsilon subunit of Bacillus subtilis F0F1-ATP synthase | NanoLuc	binding
EAF-based ATP biosensor
EAF-ATP	Zadran S et al. Biotechnol Lett 2013	FRET	YFP | Bacillus subtilis F0F1 synthase epsilon-subunit| GFP	binding	Unclear how this Enhanced Acceptor Fluoresence is not just FRET where the acceptor is also directly excited
iATPSnFR
iATPSnFR1.0	Lobas MA et al. Nat Commun 2019	Intensity	Ps3 epsilon 1-106 (T9V/N78Y) | VL linker | cpSFGFP | GLH Linker| Ps3 epsilon 111-133	binding
iATPSnFR1.1	Lobas MA et al. Nat Commun 2019	Intensity	Ps3 epsilon 1-106 (T9V/N78Y) | VL linker | cpSFGFP | GLH Linker| Ps3 epsilon 111-133 (A119S)	binding
iATPSnFR2	Marvin JS et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024	Intensity	F0-F1 ATPase epsilon subunit	binding	Three affinity variants are available. Kd of S29W.A95K < A95K < A95A.A119L
MaLion
MaLionG	Arai S et al. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018	Intensity	Citrine (1-144) | WRG Linker | B. Subtilis epsilon (1-133) M60Y | ALKEF Linker | Citrine (147-238)	binding
MaLionR	Arai S et al. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018	Intensity	mApple (1-149) | PSRS Linker | B. Subtilis epsilon (1-133) M60Y | PEE Linker | mApple (151-236)	binding
MaLionB	Arai S et al. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018	Intensity	BFP (1-143) | TLRF Linker | B. Subtilis epsilon (1-133) M60Y | TEFSPYNC Linker | BFP (151-238)	binding
Nano-lantern ATP
Nano-lantern ATP	Saito K et al. Nat Commun 2012	Bioluminescence	Venus delta C10 | N-RLuc8 delta N3 (4-228) | sigma subunit of bacterial F0F1-ATP synthase | C-RLuc8 (229-311) S257G	binding	Similar switch as ATeam sensor. Split Luciferase complimentation also can do BRET
QUEEN
QUEEN-7mu	Yaginuma H et al. Sci Rep 2014	Excitation Ratiometric	Bacillus PS3 epsilon (1-107)|TR linker | cpEGFP | Bacillus PS3 epsilon (110-133)	binding	used in bacteria
QUEEN-2m	Yaginuma H et al. Sci Rep 2014	Excitation Ratiometric	B. Subtilis PS3 epsilon (1-107)|TR linker | cpEGFP | Bacillus PS3 epsilon (110-133)	binding	Used in bacteria. Lower ATP affinity than QUEEN-7mu
Syn-ATP
Syn-ATP	Rangaraju V et al. Cell 2014	Bioluminescence	Syanptophysin| mCherry | Luciferase (T214A, A215L, I232A, F295L, E354K, I423L,D436G)	binding
ATP:ADP Ratio
Perceval
Perceval	Berg J et al. Nat Methods 2009	Excitation Ratiometric	GlnK1(1-51)|cpmVenus|GlnK1(52-end)|Linker|GlnK1(del T loop)|Linker|GlnK1(del T loop)	binding	Measure of ATP:ADP ratio
PercevalHR	Tantama M et al. Nat Commun 2013	Excitation Ratiometric	GlnK1(1-51)(T36S,V43F,E50V)|cpmVenus|GlnK1(52-end)|Linker|GlnK1(del T loop) (V99I)|Linker|GlnK1(del T loop)(S21N,A23D,V73I,V102P)	binding	Measure of ATP:ADP ratio
Aurora B kinase
Aurora B sensor
Aurora B sensor (Chu)	Chu Y et al. J Mol Cell Biol 2011	FRET	Detalis unclear	phosphorylation	Exact construction is not clear and does not reference previously developed Aurora B biosensor by Fuller et al Nature 2008
Aurora B Sensor (Fuller)	Fuller BG et al. Nature 2008	FRET	targeting motif | CFP|FHA2|Aurora B Kinase Substrate|YFP	phosphorylation	Prefer citing this over the Chu et al JMBC 2011 one
Aurora Kinase A
AURKA Biosensor
AURKA Biosensor	Bertolin G et al. Nat Commun 2016	FRET	EGFP | AURKA | mCherry	phosphorylation	Sensing Aurora Kinase A autophosphorylation
GFP-AURKA-GFP	Bertolin G et al. ACS Sens 2019	FRET	EGFP | AURKA | EGFP	phosphorylation	Sensing Aurora Kinase A autophosphorylation by fluorescence polarization microscopy.
ShadowG-AURKA-mTurquoise2	Bertolin G et al. ACS Sens 2019	FLIM-FRET	ShadowG | AURKA | mTurquoise2	phosphorylation	ShadowG dark acceptor; Sensing Aurora Kinase A autophosphorylation
ShadowY-AURKA-mTurquoise2	Bertolin G et al. ACS Sens 2019	FLIM-FRET	ShadowY | AURKA | mTurquoise2	phosphorylation	ShadowY a dark acceptor; Sensing Aurora Kinase A autophosphorylation
superYFP-AURKA-mTurquose2	Bertolin G et al. ACS Sens 2019	FRET	superYFP | AURKA | mTurquose2	phosphorylation	Uses 2-color Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy to Sense Aurora Kinase A autophosphorylation
B-Raf
Prin-BRaf
Prin-BRaf	Terai K and Matsuda M EMBO J 2006	FRET	YFP | BRSR | CR1 | CR2 | CR3 | CFP	binding
Bax
Bax Translocation reporter
Bax Translocation reporter	Zlobovskaya OA et al. Biotechniques 2016	Translocation	EGFP | Bax	other	Apoptosis marker
BCAA
OLIVe
OLIVe	Yoshida T et al. ACS Sens 2019	FRET	LIVBP-F1 (1-180) | cp173-Venus | LIVBP-F2 (181-269) | seCFP | LIVBP-F3 (271-345)	binding
Bcr-Abl
Pickles
Pickles-2.3	Mizutani T et al. Clin Cancer Res 2010	FRET	mVenus|CrkL(1-222)|cpECFP	phosphorylation
BDNF
Bescell
Bescell	Nakajima T et al. ACS Chem Biol 2008	FRET	BDNF receptor TrkB extracellular domain | EGFR catalytic domain || ECaus	binding	Coupled reporter system
beta Arrestin 2
Beta Arrestin 2 ubiquitination biosensor
Beta Arrestin 2 ubiquitination biosensor	Perroy J et al. Nat Methods 2004	BRET	Rluc|beta-Arrestin 2 + GFP|Ubi	other
Beta1-AR
dLight
B1AR-dLight	Patriarchi T et al. Science 2018	Intensity	HA secretory sequence | Flag-tag | beta 1 AR N terminal | cpGFP | beta 1 AR C terminal	binding
Beta2-AR
BRET^2 β2-AR Activation Probes
β2AR-RLuc GFP-Ggamma2	Galés C et al. Nat Methods 2005	BRET	β2AR|RLuc||GFP10|Ggamma2	binding
β2AR-RLuc GFP-Gbeta1	Galés C et al. Nat Methods 2005	BRET	β2AR|RLuc||GFP10|Gbeta1	binding
β2AR-RLuc G alpha s-GFP10	Galés C et al. Nat Methods 2005	BRET	β2AR|RLuc||G alpha s | GFP10	binding
dLight
B2AR-dLight	Patriarchi T et al. Science 2018	Intensity	HA secretory sequence | Flag-tag | beta 2 AR N terminal | cpGFP | beta 2 AR C terminal	binding
β2-AR SPASM
β2-AR-Gα SPASM	Malik RU et al. J Biol Chem 2013	FRET	β2-AR | mCitrine | ER/K linker | mCerulean | Gαs 27AA peptide	binding
β2-AR FL Gαs SPASM	Malik RU et al. Sci Rep 2017	FRET	β2-AR | mCitrine | ER/K linker | mCerulean | FL Gαs	binding
β2-AR FL Gαq SPASM	Malik RU et al. Sci Rep 2017	FRET	β2-AR | mCitrine | ER/K linker | mCerulean | FL Gαq	binding
Nb80
Nb80-GFP	Irannejad R et al. Nature 2013	Translocation	Nb80|EGFP	binding
Receptor Conformation Sensor
Beta2-Nluc/HaloTag	Schihada H et al. Commun Biol 2018	BRET		other
C-Raf
Prin-CRaf
Prin-CRaf	Terai K and Matsuda M EMBO Rep 2005	FRET	YFP | CR1 | CR2 | S338 | Y341| CR3 | S621 | CFP	binding
Ca2+
Ca-FLITS
Tq-Ca-FLITS	van der Linden FH et al. Nat Commun 2021	FLIM		binding
Ca2+ Snapshot
Cal-Light	Lee D et al. Nat Biotechnol 2017	Intensity	TM PM targeting | CaM | TEV-N |AsLOV2|TEVseq|tTA||M13|TEV-C|| TetO|EGFP	binding	Integrates cells with high Ca2+ while being illuminated by blue light. The blue light causes AsLOV2 to release the TEV sequence which can be cut by the recombined TEV
FLARE	Wang W et al. Nat Biotechnol 2017	Intensity	NRX-TM | CaM bp | eLOV-J alpha | TEV sequence | tTA-VP16 || CaM | TEV (1-219) || Tet-O | GFP	binding	Integrates cells with high Ca2+ while being illuminated by blue light. The blue light causes AsLOV2 to release the TEV sequence which can be cut by the recombined TEV
FLiCRE	Kim CK et al. Cell 2020	Intensity	Calmodulin|uTEVp || CD4|MKII|LOV|TEVcs|Gal4 || UAS-Reporter	binding
CaMBI
Orange CaMBI 110	Oh Y et al. Nat Chem Biol 2019	BRET	CyOFP1 | NLuc(N-Ter) | Linker (I) | CaM | Linker (GGGS)| M13 | Linker (EL)| NLuc(C-Ter) | CyOFP1	binding	Dissociation constant (Kd) for calcium is 110 nM
Orange CaMBI 300	Oh Y et al. Nat Chem Biol 2019	BRET	CyOFP1| NLuc(N-Ter) | Linker (I) | CaM | Linker (G) | M13| Linker (EL) | NLuc(C-Ter) | CyOFP1	binding	Dissociation constant (Kd) for calcium is 300 nM
Blue CaMBI	Oh Y et al. Nat Chem Biol 2019	Bioluminescence	NLuc(N-Ter) | CaM | Linker (GGGS) | M13| NLuc(C-Ter)	binding
Green CaMBI	Oh Y et al. Nat Chem Biol 2019	BRET	EGFP | NLuc(N-Ter) | Linker (I) | CaM | Linker (GGGS)| M13 | Linker (EL)| NLuc(C-Ter)	binding
Cameleons
Cameleon 3	Miyawaki A et al. Nature 1997	FRET		binding
Split-Cameleon	Miyawaki A et al. Nature 1997	FRET		binding
YC6.1	Truong K et al. Nat Struct Biol 2001	FRET		binding
D3cpv	Palmer AE et al. Chem Biol 2006	FRET		binding
D4cpV	Palmer AE et al. Chem Biol 2006	FRET		binding
D4cpV-calsequestrin	Sztretye M et al. J Gen Physiol 2011	FRET
CaYang1	Ding Y et al. Anal Chem 2011	FRET	mTFP(1-220)| D1 Cameleon switch | cpVenus-173	binding
CaYin1	Ding Y et al. Anal Chem 2011	FRET	tdTomato(1-452)| D3 Cameleon Switch| mAmetrine1.2(6-238)	binding
YC-Nano	Horikawa K et al. Nat Methods 2010	FRET	ECFP delta C1 | CaM| Linker | M13 | cp173Venus	binding	Has a 15 30 and 50 variant
YC3.60	Nagai T et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004	FRET	ECFP delta C1 | CaM (E104Q)| Linker | M13 | cp173Venus	binding	Also has 3.12 3.20, 3.30, 3.60, 3.70, 3.90
YC2.1	Miyawaki A et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999	FRET	ECFP | CaM | M13 | EYFP-V68L/Q69K	binding
YC2.12	Nagai T et al. Nat Biotechnol 2002	FRET	ECFP | CaM | M13 | Venus	binding
D1GO-Cam	Waldeck-Weiermair M et al. PLoS One 2012	FRET	mKOk | CaM | M13 | cp173-mEGFP	binding
D1	Palmer AE et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004	FRET		binding
D3 BRET	Gulyás G et al. PLoS One 2015	BRET	SLuc | D3 M13 switch | cp173 Venus | Venus	binding
4mtD3mC3	Greotti E et al. iScience 2019	FLIM-FRET	mCerulean3|CaM|linker|M13|cpVenus	binding
Camgaroo
Camgaroo1	Baird GS et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999	Intensity		binding
Camgaroo2	Griesbeck O et al. J Biol Chem 2001	Intensity		binding
CaMPARI
CaMPARI	Fosque BF et al. Science 2015	Intensity	NES | CaM | LEC Linker | mEos2 C (M146I/A160I/Y189V/H213Y) | GGTGGS Linker | mEos2-N (E34Y/S39T/A69V/L93M/I102Y/E140M/T143W)| TR Linker | M13	binding	Photoconvertable from green to red only in the presence of high calcium
CaMPARI2	Moeyaert B et al. Nat Commun 2018	Intensity		binding
CASE
Case12	Souslova EA et al. BMC Biotechnol 2007	Intensity	M13|cpEGFP|CaM (148E,145T)	binding
Case16	Souslova EA et al. BMC Biotechnol 2007	Intensity	M13|cpEGFP|CaM (148E,145S)	binding
CatchER
CatchER	Tang S et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011	Intensity	EGFP with mutations to make a Ca2+ binding pocket	binding
ddFP Ca2+ sensor
ddRFP Ca2+ sensor	Alford SC et al. Chem Biol 2012	Intensity	ddRFP A1 | CaM || M13 | ddRFP B1	binding
ER-GCaMP
CEPIA1er	Suzuki J et al. Nat Commun 2014	Intensity	cfGCaMP2 (mutated) | ER retention Signal	binding
ER-GCaMP6-150	de Juan-Sanz J et al. Neuron 2017	Intensity	calreticulin signal peptide | GCaMP6-150 | KDEL retention motif	binding	Fmax/F ~ 45
ER-GCaMP6-210	de Juan-Sanz J et al. Neuron 2017	Intensity	calreticulin signal peptide | GCaMP6-210 | KDEL retention motif	binding	Fmax/F ~ 48
ER-GCaMP3-373 / GCaMPer-10.19	Henderson MJ et al. PLoS One 2015	Intensity	calreticulin signal peptide | GCaMP3 10.19 (D324G, D360G, D397G, D435G)	binding	Fmax/F ~ 13
ER-GECO
G-CEPIA1er	Suzuki J et al. Nat Commun 2014	Intensity	M13 | cpGFP | CaM (with CEPIA1er mutations) | ER retention Signal	binding
R-CEPIA1er	Suzuki J et al. Nat Commun 2014	Intensity	M13 | cpmApple | CaM (with CEPIA1er mutations) | ER retention Signal	binding
GEM-CEPIA1er	Suzuki J et al. Nat Commun 2014	Emission Ratiometric	M13|cpEGFP (mutant)|CaM (E31D/F92W/E104D/D133E) | ER retention Signal	binding
FGCaMP
FGCaMP	Barykina NV et al. PLoS One 2017	Excitation Ratiometric	M13 like peptide from A. fumigatus | LG aa linker | mutated cpEGFP | DVTL aa linker | CaM from A. niger	binding
FGCaMP7	Barykina NV et al. Int J Mol Sci 2020	Ratiometric	mutated M13 like peptide from A. fumigatus | linker | mutated cpEGFP |linker | mutated CaM from A. Niger	binding	Inert to the intracellular environment of mammalian cells
FRCaMP	Subach OM et al. Int J Mol Sci 2020	Intensity	mutated M13 like peptide from Myosin Light Chain Kinase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe | linker | mutated cpmApple |linker | mutated Calmodulin from Schizosaccharomyces pombe	binding
FPX Ca2+ Sensors
single polypeptide FPX Ca2+ sensor	Ding Y et al. Nat Methods 2015	Ratiometric	RA | CaM | B | M13 | GA	binding
tripartate FPX Ca2+ Sensor	Ding Y et al. Nat Methods 2015	Ratiometric	RA | CaM || M13 | B || Free GA	binding
GAF-CaMP
GAF-CaMP	Lanin AA et al. J Biophotonics 2018	Intensity	GAF-FP N-terminal | LL aa linker | CaM-M13-peptide | GG aa linker | GAF-FP C-terminal	binding
GAF-CaMP2	Subach OM et al. Int J Mol Sci 2019	Intensity	GAF-FP(1-109) | LL | CaM-GGGC-M13-peptide | GG | GAF-FP(289-351)	binding
GAF-CaMP3-sfGFP	Subach OM and Subach FV Int J Mol Sci 2020	Intensity	mutated GAF-FP(1-109) | linker | mutated CaM-M13-peptide | linker| mutated GAF-FP(289-351)	binding	GAF-CaMP3 has a positive response to calcium ions but does not fold in the absense of sfGFP
GAP
GAP1	Rodriguez-Garcia A et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014	Intensity	GFP (Q80R, F99S, M153T, V163A)| Linker | Aequorin	binding
GAP3	Navas-Navarro P et al. Cell Chem Biol 2016	Intensity	GFP (L15Q, I167V, Q80R, F99S, M153T, V163A S175G D180Y)| Linker | Aequorin (D24N/D119A)	binding
GCaMP
GCaMP	Nakai J et al. Nat Biotechnol 2001	Intensity	M13 | EGFP (149-238) | EGFP(1-144) | CaM (2-148)	binding
GCaMP2	Tallini YN et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006	Intensity	RSET | M13 | EGFP (149-238) (V163A, S175G, D180Y,A206K) | EGFP(1-144) (V93I) | CaM (2-148)	binding
GCaMP3	Tian L et al. Nat Methods 2009	Intensity	M13|EGFP(149-238) M153K T203V | EGFP(1-144) | CaM (2-148)	binding
GCaMP6f	Chen TW et al. Nature 2013	Intensity	M13|cpEGFP|CaM(A317E,T381R,S383T,R392G)	binding
GCaMP6s	Chen TW et al. Nature 2013	Intensity	M13|cpEGFP(K78H)|CaM(T381R,S383T,R392G)	binding
GCaMP6m	Chen TW et al. Nature 2013	Intensity	M13|cpEGFP|CaM(M378G,K379S,T381R,S383T,R392G)	binding
GCaMP5G	Akerboom J et al. J Neurosci 2012	Intensity	M13 (52A) | LE Linker | cpEGFP | LP Linker | CaM 380Y	binding
G-CaMP 3-8 (Nakai Variants)	Ohkura M et al. PLoS One 2012	Intensity	RSET| M13| cpEGFP (with mutations) | CaM(2-148) (with mutations)	binding
GCaMP-R-6s	Cho JH et al. ACS Chem Biol 2017	Ratiometric	GCaMP6s [M13|cpEGFP(K78H)|CaM(T381R,S383T,R392G)] | ER/K linker | mCherry	binding
GCaMP-R-6f	Cho JH et al. ACS Chem Biol 2017	Ratiometric	GCaMP6f [M13|cpEGFP|CaM(A317E,T381R,S383T,R392G)] | ER/K Linker | mCherry	binding
GCaMP-R-3	Cho JH et al. ACS Chem Biol 2017	Ratiometric	GCaMP3 [M13|EGFP(149-238) M153K T203V | EGFP(1-144) | CaM (2-148) ] | ER/K Linker | mCherry	binding
MatryoshCaMP6s	Ast C et al. Nat Commun 2017	Ratiometric	M13|LE Linker | EGFP-C | GGT Linker | LSSmOrange | GGS linker | EGFP-N | LP linker |CaM(T381R,S383T,R392G)	binding
sfMatryoshCaMP6s	Ast C et al. Nat Commun 2017	Ratiometric	M13|LE Linker | sfGFP-C | GGT Linker | LSSmOrange | GGS linker | sfGFP-N | LP linker |CaM(T381R,S383T,R392G)	binding
sfMatryoshCaMP6s-T78H	Ast C et al. Nat Commun 2017	Ratiometric	M13|LE Linker | sfGFP-C T78H | GGT Linker | LSSmOrange | GGS linker | sfGFP-N | LP linker |CaM(T381R,S383T,R392G)	binding
GCaMP3fast	Helassa N et al. Sci Rep 2015	Intensity	RS20 (W4Y) | cpEGFP | CaM EF-3 mut (D356A)	binding
GCaMP3bright	Helassa N et al. Sci Rep 2015	Intensity	RS20 | cpEGFP | CaM EF-4 mut (D392A)	binding
GCaMP2.2Low	Despa S et al. Circ Res 2014	Intensity	RSET | M13 | EGFP (149-238) (V163A, S175G, D180Y,T203V,A206K) | EGFP(1-144) (V93I) | CaM (2-148) D133E	binding	Lower Ca2+ sensitivity for high Ca2+ concentrations in the dyadic cleft
GCaMP-HS	Muto A et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011	Intensity	RSET | M13 | EGFP (149-238) (V163A, S175G, D180Y,A206V) | EGFP(1-144) (S30R, Y39N, N105T) | CaM (2-148)	binding
ncpGCaMP6s	Qian Y et al. Chembiochem 2018	Intensity	EGFP(1-144)| CaM | GGGGS Linker | RS20 | EGFP (149-238)	binding
axon-GCaMP6	Broussard GJ et al. Nat Neurosci 2018	Intensity	RS20|eGFP|CaM	binding	For in vivo imaging of axonal calcium transients
jYCaMP1s	Mohr MA et al. Nat Methods 2020	Intensity		binding
jYCaMP1	Mohr MA et al. Nat Methods 2020	Intensity		binding
GCaMP7	Dana H et al. Nat Methods 2019	Intensity	CaM|cpEGFP|M13	binding
GCaMP6s-Q	Bierbuesse F et al. Nat Commun 2022	Intensity	CaM|cpEGFP|M13	binding
jGCaMP8	Zhang Y et al. Nature 2023	Intensity	CaM|cpEGFP|ENOSP	binding
GECO
G-GECO1	Zhao Y et al. Science 2011	Intensity	M13|cpEGFP|CaM	binding
G-GECO1.1	Zhao Y et al. Science 2011	Intensity		binding
G-GECO1.2	Zhao Y et al. Science 2011	Intensity		binding
B-GECO	Zhao Y et al. Science 2011	Intensity		binding
R-GECO1	Zhao Y et al. Science 2011	Intensity	M13 | cpmApple | CaM	binding
GEM-GECO	Zhao Y et al. Science 2011	Emission Ratiometric	M13|cpEGFP (mutant)|CaM	binding
GEX-GECO	Zhao Y et al. Science 2011	Excitation Ratiometric		binding
REX-GECO	Wu J et al. Nat Commun 2014	Excitation Ratiometric		binding
jRGECO1a	Dana H et al. Elife 2016	Intensity		binding
LAR-GECO	Wu J et al. Biochem J 2014	Intensity	R-GECO with mutations	binding
GR-GECO	Hoi H et al. J Am Chem Soc 2013	Intensity	M13|cpmMaple|CaM	binding	photoconvertable from green to red both intensities sensitive to calcium
CAR-GECO	Wu J et al. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013	Intensity	M13 | cpmApple | CaM (R-GECO) with E163V/I166V/V174T/M176I/F222I/A302P mutations	binding	deep red. Also photoactavatable
O-GECO	Wu J et al. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013	Intensity	M13 | cpmApple | CaM (R-GECO) with N45I/A73V/S142P/M146R/M223T/M339L/K378R/E386V/K397N mutations	binding	Orange emission
R-GECO1.2	Wu J et al. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013	Intensity	M13 | cpmApple | CaM (R-GECO) with M164R/I166V/V174L/F222L/N267S/S270T/I330M/L419I mutations	binding	photoactivatable
K-GECO1	Shen Y et al. BMC Biol 2018	Intensity	ckkap peptide | KYN Linker | cpFusionRed 145 | SN Linker | Calmodulin	binding
LUCI-GECO1	Qian Y et al. Chembiochem 2018	BRET	Nluc | RK linker | delta N2 ncpGCaMP6s	binding
NIR-GECO1	Qian Y et al. Nat Methods 2019	Intensity	mIFP (1-170) | GAL | CaM-RS20 | RRHD | mIFP (178-321)	binding
mNG-GECO1	Zarowny L et al. ACS Sens 2020	Intensity	mNeonGreen-N|CaM|M13|mNeonGreen-C	binding
NEMO	Li J et al. Nat Methods 2023	Intensity	mNeonGreen-N|CaM|M13|mNeonGreen-C	binding
R-CEPIA3mt	Kanemaru K et al. Sci Rep 2020	Intensity	M13|cpmApple|Calmodulin	binding
R-CEPIA4mt	Kanemaru K et al. Sci Rep 2020	Intensity	M13|cpmApple|Calmodulin	binding
NIR-GECO2	Qian Y et al. PLoS Biol 2020	Intensity	mIFP(1-170)|GAL|CaM-RS20|RRHD|mIFP(178-321)	binding
GreenT-EC
GreenT-EC	Valiente-Gabioud AA et al. Nat Commun 2023	Intensity	mNeonGreen(1-147)-TnC(S94-Q161)-mNeonGreen(149-236)	binding
Nano-lantern Ca2+
Nano-lantern Ca2+	Saito K et al. Nat Commun 2012	Bioluminescence	Venus delta C10 | N-RLuc8 delta N3 (4-228) | CaM | M13 | C-RLuc8 (229-311) S257G	binding	Split Luciferase complimentation also can do BRET
GeNL(Ca2+)	Suzuki K et al. Nat Commun 2016	BRET	mNeonGreen delta C10 | Nluc delta N5 (6-66) | CaM 1-149 | M13 | Nluc 67-171	binding	Also has affinity variants
CNL (Ca2+)	Takai A et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015	BRET	mTurquoise2 delta C10 | N-RLuc8-S257 delta N3 (4-228) | CaM | M13 | C-RLuc8 (229-311) S257G	binding
ONL (Ca2+)	Takai A et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015	BRET	mKusabiraOrange2 | N-RLuc8.6 delta N3 (4-228) | CaM | M13 | C-RLuc8.6 (229-311)	binding
CeNL(Ca2+)_110u	Hossain MN et al. ACS Chem Biol 2018	BRET	mTurquoise2 | Nluc delta N5 (6-66) | CaM 1-149 (E31D, F92W, E104D. D133E) | M13 | Nluc 67-171	binding
CeNL(Ca2+)_19u	Hossain MN et al. ACS Chem Biol 2018	BRET	mTurquoise2 | Nluc delta N5 (6-66) | CaM 1-149 (E67D, F92W, E104D, D133E) | M13 | Nluc 67-171	binding	Kd 19 uM for Ca2+
NCaMP
NCaMP7	Subach OM et al. Int J Mol Sci 2020	Intensity	mNeonGreen (1-145) | EAH aa linker |CaM-M13| MYF aa linker | mNeonGreen (146-236)	binding
NTnC
NTnC	Barykina NV et al. Sci Rep 2016	Intensity	mNeonGreen N terminal w 4 aa mutations | MVP aa linker | C-terminal domain of troponin C (with 3 aa mutations) | LSM aa linker | mNeonGreen C terminal with 5 mutations	binding
iYTnC2	Doronin DA et al. BMC Biotechnol 2018	Intensity	EYFP N terminal w 5 aa mutations | LVR aa linker | C-terminal domain of troponin C (with 5 aa mutations) | MF aa linker | EYFP C terminal with 9 mutations	binding
YTnC	Barykina NV et al. Sci Rep 2018	Intensity	EYFP N terminal w 8 aa mutations | FDL aa linker | C-terminal domain of troponin C | GV aa linker | EYFP C terminal with 6 mutations	binding
pericam
flash-pericam	Nagai T et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001	Intensity	M13|cpEYFP|CaM(E104Q)	binding
inverse-pericam	Nagai T et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001	Intensity		binding
ratiometric-pericam	Nagai T et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001	Ratiometric		binding
RCaMP
RCaMP1h	Akerboom J et al. Front Mol Neurosci 2013	Intensity	RSET | M13 | AI linker | mRuby (159-223) G109A A112Y D114S | cpL | mRuby (1-158) A270V | DS Linker | CaM T364I D372Y R384G I424S	binding
R-CaMP1.07	Ohkura M et al. PLoS One 2012	Intensity	RSET | M13 | mApple(146-231) | mApple(1-145) K47V T49V | CaM(2-148)|F2A	binding
R-CaMP2	Inoue M et al. Nat Methods 2015	Intensity	CaMKK alpha CaM binding sequence | cpApple | CaM (N380S D381Y T382R S384T)|F2A	binding
jRCaMP1a	Dana H et al. Elife 2016	Intensity	M13| Linker 1 (T62C) | mRuby (Y112S) | CaM (L298T)	binding	More sensitive but lower dynamic range than jRCaMP1b
jRCaMP1b	Dana H et al. Elife 2016	Intensity	M13 (T46W) | Linker 1 (I60N) | mRuby | CaM (L326M R368G)	binding
TN Ca2+ Sensors
TN-L15	Heim N and Griesbeck O J Biol Chem 2004	FRET	CFP|chicken skeletal muscle troponin C (csTnC) L15| Citrine	binding
TN-humTnC	Heim N and Griesbeck O J Biol Chem 2004	FRET	CFP|human cardiac muscle troponin C (humTnC) L12|Citrine	binding
TN-XL	Mank M et al. Biophys J 2006	FRET	ECFP|chicken skeletal muscle troponin C (csTnC) L15 (N109D,D111N,N145D,D147N)| cp174 citrine	binding	400% increase
TN-XXL	Mank M et al. Nat Methods 2008	FRET	ECFP | csTnC EF III + IV (N108D,D110N,I130T) | csTnC EF III + IV (N108D,D110N,I130T) | cp174 Citrine	binding
Twitch series	Thestrup T et al. Nat Methods 2014	FRET	CFP | Linker | TnC Domain | Linker | cpCitrine	binding
YO-TnC1.0	Su T et al. Biosens Bioelectron 2012	FRET	cpmVenus | csTnC EF III + IV (N108D,D110N,I130T) | csTnC EF III + IV (N108D,D110N,I130T)| mKOkappa	binding
CalfluxVTN	Yang J et al. Nat Commun 2016	BRET	Venus delta C10 | RMQDA linker | Troponin-C sequence (from Opsanus tau) | PLAEL Linker | NanoLuc	binding
RS-TN-XL	Fujii H et al. Cell Rep 2013	FRET	mCherry delta 10 |chicken skeletal muscle troponin C (csTnC) L15 (N109D,D111N,N145D,D147N)| mcp173T-Saphhire	binding
CaM
BSCaM
BSCaM1	Romoser VA et al. J Biol Chem 1997	FRET	RFP | smMLCK CaM Binding seq. | GFP	binding
BSCaM2	Persechini A and Cronk B J Biol Chem 1999	FRET	ECFP | smMLCK CaM Binding seq. | EYFP	binding
MLCK-FIP
MLCK-FIP	Chew TL et al. J Cell Biol 2002	FRET	MLCK|GFP|CaM binding domain|BFP	binding	Also a semi readout of MLCK activaiton
CaMKII
Camui
Camui	Takao K et al. J Neurosci 2005	FRET	CFP (K26R/N164H) | CaMKIIalpha | Venus (F46L)	binding
Camui?-CR (Clover-mRuby2)	Lam AJ et al. Nat Methods 2012	FRET	Clover | CaMKIIalpha | mRuby2	binding
green-Camui (alpha)	Lee SJ et al. Nature 2009	FLIM-FRET	mEGFP | CaMKII alpha | REACh (Venus (A206K/T145W))	binding	single color
mRFP/GFP-Camui	Kwok S et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008	FLIM-FRET	mRFP | CaMKII alpha | GFP	binding	Several other color variants in published with this including a mDarkYFP/mGFP.
Camui-mRmC	Nakahata Y et al. Sci Rep 2016	FLIM-FRET	mRuby2 | CaMKII alpha | mCherry (I202 Y or T) (dark)	binding	Single color red
ShadowG-Camui	Murakoshi H et al. Sci Rep 2015	FLIM-FRET	mEGFP | CaMKII alpha | ShadowG	binding	single color
FRESCA
FRESCA	Ardestani G et al. J Biol Chem 2019	FRET	mTurqoise2 | FHA2 | modified syntide (PLARALTVAGLPGKK) | mVenus	phosphorylation
K2alpha
YC-K2alpha	Fujii H et al. Cell Rep 2013	FRET	mCerulean | rat CaMKIIalpha N Term | mVenus | rat CaMKIIalpha C Term	binding
RY-K2alpha	Fujii H et al. Cell Rep 2013	FRET	mCherry | rat CaMKIIalpha N Term | mVenus | rat CaMKIIalpha C Term	binding
RS-K2Alpha	Fujii H et al. Cell Rep 2013	FRET	mCherry | rat CaMKIIalpha N Term | mT-Sapphire | rat CaMKIIalpha C Term	binding
cAMP
cADDis
cADDis-green	Tewson PH et al. J Biomol Screen 2016	Intensity	EPAC2, cpmNeonGreen	binding	More data, links to publications, protocols can be found here https://montanamolecular.com/live-cell-camp-assay-caddis/
camps
PKA-camps	Nikolaev VO et al. J Biol Chem 2004	FRET	YFP|RIIbeta B CNB|(M264, A403) | CFP	binding
Epac1-camps	Nikolaev VO et al. J Biol Chem 2004	FRET	YFP | Epac1 (E157,E316) | CFP	binding
Epac2-camps	Nikolaev VO et al. J Biol Chem 2004	FRET	YFP| Epac2B (E285, E443)|CFP	binding
HCN2-camps	Nikolaev VO et al. Circ Res 2006	FRET	YFP | HCN2 cAMP Binding Domain | CFP	binding
Epac2-camps300	Norris RP et al. Development 2009	FRET	YFP| Epac2B (E285-E443), K405E|CFP	binding	added point mutation decreases EC50 to 320 nM
Epac2-camps300-cit	Castro LR et al. J Neurosci 2010	FRET	Citrine| Epac2B (E285-E443), K405E|CFP	binding
cAMPFIRE-L	Massengill CI et al. Nat Methods 2022	FRET	mTurq2|Epac1(L777A,K778A)|td-cpVen173	binding
cAMPFIRE-M	Massengill CI et al. Nat Methods 2022	FRET	mTurq2|Epac1(M312L, L777A,K778A)|td-cpVen173	binding	medium affinity
cAMPFIRE-H	Massengill CI et al. Nat Methods 2022	FRET	mTurq2|Epac1(E325T, L777A,K778A)|td-cpVen173	binding	high affinity
CAMYEL
CAMYEL	Jiang LI et al. J Biol Chem 2007	BRET	Citrine cp229 | Linker (LRG)| human Epac1 (149-881) T781A F782A | Linker (EF) | Renilla Luciferase	binding
CUTie
CUTie	Surdo NC et al. Nat Commun 2017	FRET	Epac1 CNBD Loops 1-4 | YFP | Epac1 CNBD Loops 5 to end | CFP	binding
Epac-S
Epac-S H187	Klarenbeek J et al. PLoS One 2015	FRET	mTurq2|Epac1|td-cpVen173	binding
Epac-S H188	Klarenbeek J et al. PLoS One 2015	FRET	mTurq2|Epac1(Q270E)|td-cpVen173	binding	There are also H134, H126 variants
H96	Klarenbeek JB et al. PLoS One 2011	FRET	mECFP delta | Epac 1 | tandem cp173 Venus	binding
H74	Klarenbeek JB et al. PLoS One 2011	FRET	mTurq delta | Epac1 | tandem cp173 Venus	binding
H81: GFP(nd)-EPAC(dDEP)-mRFP	van der Krogt GN et al. PLoS One 2008	FRET	GFP(A206K) | Epac1 (T781A/F728A) (149-881) | mRFP	binding
H90: CFP(nd)-EPAC(dDEP/CD)-cp173Venus(d)	van der Krogt GN et al. PLoS One 2008	FRET	CFP(A206K)|Epac1 (T781A/F728A) (149-881) | cp173Venus	binding
H84: CFP(nd)-EPAC(dDEP/CD)-Venus(d)	van der Krogt GN et al. PLoS One 2008	FRET	CFP(A206K)|Epac1 (T781A/F728A) (149-881) | Venus	binding
Epac1 (delta DEP-CD) based cAMP biosensors
CFP-Epac(delta DEP-CD)-YFP	Ponsioen B et al. EMBO Rep 2004	FRET	CFP | Epac1 (delta DEP-CD) | YFP	binding
CEPAC*	Salonikidis PS et al. J Biol Chem 2011	FRET	mCerulean | Epac(delta DEP-CD)|mCitrine	binding	less sensitive to pH and ions than ECFP|EYFP
Flamindo
Flamindo2	Odaka H et al. PLoS One 2014	Intensity	Cit(1-144)|LRGALKK|mEPAC1(199-358)|EF|Cit(146-238)	binding
Pink Flamindo	Harada K et al. Sci Rep 2017	Intensity	mApple(1-150)|WEQWRDPPLL|mEPAC1(205-353)|EFKVETVDE|mApple(151-236)	binding	Red version of Flamindo (4x increase increase in intensity)
Flamindo	Kitaguchi T et al. Biochem J 2013	Intensity	Cit(1-144)|LRG|mEPAC1(199-358)|EF|Cit(146-238)	binding
FPX
pPHT-PKA	Ding Y et al. Nat Methods 2015	Ratiometric	RA|PKAc || B | PKA r || GA	binding
ICUE
ICUE1	DiPilato LM et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004	FRET	Epac1(1-881)	binding
ICUE2	Violin JD et al. J Biol Chem 2008	FRET	Epac1(148-881)	binding
ICUE3	DiPilato LM and Zhang J Mol Biosyst 2009	FRET	ECFP | Epac1(148-881) | cpVenus	binding
lynICUE3	DiPilato LM and Zhang J Mol Biosyst 2009	FRET	ECFP | Epac1(148-881) | cpVenus	binding
pmICUE3	DiPilato LM and Zhang J Mol Biosyst 2009	FRET	ECFP | Epac1(148-881) | cpVenus | myr palm sequence	binding
ICUE-YR	Ni Q et al. Nat Chem Biol 2011	FRET	mCherry | Epac1 | YFP	binding
ICUPID	Ni Q et al. Nat Chem Biol 2011	FRET	CFP|FHA1|PKA substrate | mCherry | Epac1|YFP	binding	Single biosensor for both PKA and cAMP
Rluc-EPAC-YFP	Barak LS et al. Mol Pharmacol 2008	BRET	Rluc | Epac1(148-881) | YFP	binding
RAB-ICUE	Mehta S et al. Nat Cell Biol 2018	Intensity	RFP-A|Epac1(149-881)|RFP-B	binding
GR-ICUE2	Mo GCH et al. Nat Commun 2020	FRET	EGFP | Epac1 148-881 | stagRFP	binding
mCRIS based cAMP biosensor
cit-mCNBD-cer	Krähling AM et al. PLoS Genet 2013	FRET	Citrine | mCRIS (202-353) | Cerulean	binding
mICNBD
DDcAMP	Sidoli M et al. ACS Chem Biol 2022	Intensity	mlCNBD|GFP	binding
G-Flamp1	Wang L et al. Nat Commun 2022	Intensity	REST|mlCNBD(213-285)|linker(WG)|cpGFP|linker(RV)|mlCNBD(286-355)	binding
G-Flamp2	Liu W et al. Front Pharmacol 2022	Intensity	REST|mlCNBD(213-285)| linker(WG)|cpGFP (K94E)| linker(RV)| mlCNBD(286-355)	binding
G-Flamp2b	Liu W et al. Front Pharmacol 2022	Intensity	REST|mlCNBD(213-285)| linker(WG)|cpGFP (K94E)| linker(NS)| mlCNBD(286-355)	binding	more mutations based pn G-Flamp2
mICNBD-FRET
mICNBD-FRET	Mukherjee S et al. Elife 2016	FRET	Citrine | mICNBD | Cerulean	binding	cAMP Kd 66 nM
Nano-lantern cAMP
Nano-lantern cAMP1.6	Saito K et al. Nat Commun 2012	Bioluminescence	Venus delta C10 | N-RLuc8 delta N3 (4-228) | EPAC1 (G170-A327) Q270E| C-RLuc8 (229-311) S257G	binding	Split Luciferase complimentation also can do BRET. Also has variants of cAMP0.4 and cAMP3.3 that are associated with domains with 0.4 and 3.3 uM affinity
R-FlincA
R-FlincA	Ohta Y et al. Sci Rep 2018	Intensity	PKA RIalpha (93-218) | cp146mApple | PKA RIalpha (219-381)	binding
R1alpha #7
R1alpha #7	Ohta Y et al. ACS Chem Biol 2016	FRET	cp173Venus | PKA RIalpha (245-381) | ECFP	binding
Split Luc cAMP biosensor
Split Luc cAMP biosensor	Fan F et al. ACS Chem Biol 2008	Bioluminescence	FLuc (359-544) | GSSGGSGGSGGG linker | RIIbeta B CNBD | FLuc (4-355)	binding	also known as 20F
22F	Binkowski BF et al. ACS Chem Biol 2011	Bioluminescence	FLuc (359-544) + mutations | GSNWDSGCSREG linker | RIIbeta B CNBD + mutations | FLuc (4-355)	binding
YFP-PKAc + CFP-PKAr
YFP-PKAc + CFP-PKAr	Zaccolo M and Pozzan T Science 2002	FRET	CFP | PKA RII & PKA C | YFP	binding
R1-Rluc + GFP-C	Prinz A et al. Cell Signal 2006	BRET	PKA R1|RLuc || GFP | PKA C	binding
R2-Rluc + GFP-C	Prinz A et al. Cell Signal 2006	BRET	PKA R2|RLuc || GFP | PKA C	binding
PKAc-S65T + PKArII-EBFP	Zaccolo M et al. Nat Cell Biol 2000	FRET	PKA catalytic subunit|S65T|| PKA rII | EBFP	binding
YFP-PKAc + CFP-PKAr(R230K)	Mongillo M et al. Circ Res 2004	FRET	CFP | PKA RII (R230K) || PKA C | YFP	binding	Reduced cAMP sensitivity
delta PKA RIIb-CFP + PKAc-YFP	Dyachok O et al. Nature 2006	FRET	truncated PKA RII beta | CFP | CAAX || PKA Calpha | YFP	binding
CaN
CaN Activation
RY-CaN	Fujii H et al. Cell Rep 2013	FRET	mCherry | mouse CaN Catalytic subunit A | mVenus	binding
YC-CaN	Fujii H et al. Cell Rep 2013	FRET	mCerulean | mouse CaN Catalytic subunit A | mVenus	binding
CaNAR
CaNAR1	Newman RH and Zhang J Mol Biosyst 2008	FRET	ECFP | NFAT1 (1-297) | Venus	phosphorylation
CaNAR2	Mehta S et al. Elife 2014	FRET	Cerulean3|NFAT1(1-297)|YPet	phosphorylation
CaNARi
CaNARi	Mehta S et al. Elife 2014	FRET	Cerulean | CaN Catalytic subunit A | Venus	binding
DuoCaN
DuoCaN	Bazzazi H et al. J Physiol 2015	FRET	Cerulean | CaNB1 || CaNAα | Venus	binding
UniCaN	Bazzazi H et al. J Physiol 2015	FRET	Cerulean | CaNB1 | non cleaving P2A linker| CaNAα | Venus	binding	unimolecular so easier for sub-cellular targeting
Caspase1
FPX caspase 1 sensor
single polypeptide FPX caspase 1 sensor	Ding Y et al. Nat Methods 2015	Ratiometric	ddRFP A | linker | ddFP B | YVAD caspase 1 cleavage sequence | ddGFP A | NES	other	Irreversable
SCAT1
SCAT1	Liu T et al. Cell Rep 2014	FRET	ECFP |YVAD caspase 1 cleavage linker | Venus	other
Caspase3
CASPAM
CASPAM (sCas3-GP)	Habif M et al. ACS Sens 2021	FRET	mCitrine | DEVD | mCitrine	other	HomoFRET/anisotropy-based Caspase 3 sensor. Part of poly-cistronic, single-plasmid expression system.
ddFP based
ddRFP-A1B1-DEVD	Alford SC et al. Chem Biol 2012	Intensity	ddRFP A1 | DEVD caspase 3 sequence | ddRFP B1	other	Irreversable
Bimolecular FPX Caspase 3 reporter	Ding Y et al. Nat Methods 2015	Ratiometric	NES | ddRFP A1 | DEVD caspase 3 sequence | ddFP B | NLS || NLS | ddGFP A	other	irreversable
single polypeptide FPX Caspase 3 sensor	Ding Y et al. Nat Methods 2015	Ratiometric	ddRFP A | linker | ddFP B | DEVD Caspase 3 cleavage sequence | ddGFP A | NES	other	Irreversable
DEVD
mAmetrine-DEVD-tdTomato	Ai HW et al. Nat Methods 2008	FRET	mAmetrine|DEVD|tdTomato	other	Irreversable
mCitrine-DEVD-mTFP1	Ai HW et al. Nat Methods 2008	FRET	mCitrine|DEVD|mTFP1	other	Irreversable
CFP-DEVD-YFP	Tyas L et al. EMBO Rep 2000	FRET	CFP|DEVD caspase cleavage sequence ( SSSELSGDEVDGTSGSEF) |YFP	other	Irreversable
Sensor C3	Luo KQ et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001	FRET	CFP | DEVD Caspase cleavage linker (GGDEVDGG) | YFP	other	Irreversable
BFP-DEVD-GFP	Rehm M et al. J Biol Chem 2002	FRET	BFP|DEVD Caspase 3 clavage peptide |GFP	other	Irreversable
DEVK
MiCy-DEVK-mKO	Karasawa S et al. Biochem J 2004	FRET	MiCy | DEVK caspase 3 cleavage sequence | mKO	other	Irreversable
EC-RP
EC-RP	Albeck JG et al. Mol Cell 2008	FRET	ECFP | DEVDR caspase 3 cleavage sequence | Venus	other	20 fold greater selectivity for caspase 3 than caspase 8
Far-Red Caspase sensors
mKate2-DEVD-iRFP	Zlobovskaya OA et al. Biotechniques 2016	FRET	mKate2 | DEVD Caspase 3 cleavage sequence | iRFP	other	Irreversable
Flip-GFP
FlipGFP (Casp3 cleavage seq)	Zhang Q et al. J Am Chem Soc 2019	Intensity	Beta-10|E5|Beta-11|Casp3 cleavage|K5||Beta 1-9	other
Intein Based
sDnaB-cpM4(DEVD)	Sakamoto S et al. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013	Intensity	C-intein | GFP 225-230 | DEVD sequence | GFP 215-224 | N Intein || GFP 2-214	other
iProtease
iCasper	To TL et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015	Intensity	spGFP N-term | BphP PAS domain | DEVDG Caspase cleavage domain | BphP GAF domain | spGFP C-term	other
SCAT3
SCAT3	Takemoto K et al. J Cell Biol 2003	FRET	ECFP | DEVD caspase 3 cleavage linker | Venus	other
yDMQDc
yDMQDc	Chiang JJ and Truong K IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2006	FRET	EYFP|caspase 3 cleavage sequence | ECFP	other	Irreversable
Caspase8
Bid cleavage sensor
Bid cleavage sensor	Onuki R et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002	FRET	CFP | Bid | YFP	other	Irreversable
FPX caspase 8 sensor
single polypeptide FPX caspase 8 sensor	Ding Y et al. Nat Methods 2015	Ratiometric	ddRFP A | IETD caspase 8 cleavage sequence | ddFP B | linker | ddGFP A | NES	other	Irreversable
IC-RP
IC-RP	Albeck JG et al. Mol Cell 2008	FRET	ECFP | IETD |IETD | Venus	other
Caspase9
SCAT9
SCAT9	Takemoto K et al. J Cell Biol 2003	FRET	ECFP | LEHD Caspase 9 cleavage linker | Venus	other
Cd2+
Cd-FRET
Cd-FRET2	Vinkenborg JL et al. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011	FRET	Cerulean (A206C/S208C) | Linker | Citrine (A206C/S208C)	binding
Cdc42
(CDC42) GEF Sensor
(CDC42) GEF Sensor	Seth A et al. Biochemistry 2003	FRET	Cdc42 | YFP | GBD | ACV | CFP	binding
CDC42 Biosensor
CDC42 Biosensor	Hanna S et al. PLoS One 2014	FRET	mCerulean | PAK (PBD) | cp229Venus | Cdc42	binding
Cdc42 FRET
Cdc42 FRET (mRuby2/mCherry (I202Y))	Nakahata Y et al. Sci Rep 2016	FLIM-FRET	mCherry (I202Y) (dark) | Cdc42 Binding Domain (CBD) || mRuby2 | Cdc42	binding	single color red
Cdc42 FRET	Murakoshi H et al. Nature 2011	FLIM-FRET	mEGFP | Cdc42 || mCherry | Pak3 (60-113) S74A, F84A | mCherry	binding
Cdc42-CyRM	Laviv T et al. Nat Methods 2016	FLIM-FRET	mCyRFP1 | Cdc42 || mMaroon1 | Pak3 | mMaroon1	binding
CDC42 Raichu
CRIB Raichu	Itoh RE et al. Mol Cell Biol 2002	FRET	YFP | PAK | CFP	binding
CDC42 Raichu	Itoh RE et al. Mol Cell Biol 2002	FRET	YFP | PAK | Cdc42 | CFP	binding
Cdc42-2G
Cdc42-2G	Martin K et al. Sci Rep 2016	FRET	6xHis| Myc | mTFP1| WASP CRIB domain (amino-acids 201-314) | Linker | Venus | Cdc42	binding
ddFP Cdc42 Biosensor
R-Cdc42	Kim J et al. Nat Commun 2019	Intensity	ddFP-B | CRIB Pak1 || ddRFP-A | Cdc42	binding
GDI Cdc42 FLARE
GDI Cdc42 FLARE	Hodgson L et al. Nat Chem Biol 2016	FRET	mCerulean | cpVenus | Cdc42	binding
CDK1
CyclinB1-Cdk1 activity sensor
CyclinB1-Cdk1 activity sensor V1	Gavet O and Pines J Dev Cell 2010	FRET	mCerulean | CDK autophosphorylation site | Polo Box Domain of Plk1 | YPet	phosphorylation
CyclinB1-Cdk1 activity sensor V2	Belal AS et al. Mol Biosyst 2014	FRET	mTFP | CDK1 phosphosubstrate | (GGSGG)x2 Linker | FHA2 | YFP	phosphorylation
CDK2
CDK2 Translocation Reporter
DHB-Ven	Spencer SL et al. Cell 2013	Translocation	Human DNA helicase B (994-1087) | mVenus	phosphorylation
Cell Cycle Phases
Fucci
Fucci	Sakaue-Sawano A et al. Cell 2008	Intensity	mKO2|hCdt1(30/120)||mAG|hGem(1/110)	other	degradation of tagged fluorescent protein is readout of cell cycle progression
NIR cell cycle reporter	Shcherbakova DM et al. Nat Commun 2016	Intensity	miRFP670v1 | hGem(1/110) || miRFP709|hCdt1(1/100)	other
NIR Fucci	Rodriguez EA et al. Nat Methods 2016	Intensity	IFP2.0 | hGem(1/110) || smURFP | hCdtl(30/120)	other
S/G2/M-X(NC)	Sakaue-Sawano A et al. Chem Biol 2008	Intensity	X|hGem(1/60)	other	degradation of tagged fluorescent protein is readout of cell cycle progression, but not exclusively nuclear localized which may be useful to quantify cell morphology
Fucci2	Sakaue-Sawano A et al. BMC Cell Biol 2011	Intensity	mCherry | hCdt1(30/120) ||mVenus-hGem(1/110)	other
Fucci2.1	Nishimura K et al. PLoS One 2013	Intensity	mCherry|hCdt1(30/120)||AmCyan|hGem(1/110)	other
Fucci4	Bajar BT et al. Nat Methods 2016	Intensity	mKO2|hCdt1(30/120)||Clover|hGem(1/110)||mTurquoise2|SLBP(18-126)|| mMaroon|HistoneH1.0	other
Fucci(CA)2.1	Sakaue-Sawano A et al. Mol Cell 2017	Intensity	mCherry|hCdt1(1/100)Cy(−)||AmCyan|hGem(1/110)	other
zFucci	Sugiyama M et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009	Intensity	mKO2|zCdt1(1/190)||mAG|zGem(1/100)	other	optimized for zebrafish
TNNT2-FUCCI	Murganti F et al. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022	Intensity	mKO2|hCdt1(30/120) || mAG|hGem(1/110)	other	for iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes
FUCCI-Red	De Souza C et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021	FLIM	mCherry | hCdt1(30/120) || mKate2 | hGem(1/110)	other
Ki67p-FUCCI	Zambon AC et al. Physiol Genomics 2020	Intensity	Ki67proximal promoter | mCherry | hCdt1(30/120) || Ki67proximal promoter | mAG | hGem(1/110)	other	Ki67 proximal promoter enables expression only when cell cycle is entered, excluding quiescent and nondividing cells
cGMP
cGES
cGES-DE5	Nikolaev VO et al. Nat Methods 2006	FRET	YFP|PDE5|CFP	binding	There is also PDE2 and GKI based sensors that are less cGMP selective
Cygnus	Niino Y et al. PLoS One 2010	Intensity	sREACh|PDE5|mTagBFP	binding	sREACh is a dark FRET acceptor
ThPDE5VV	Ros O et al. Cell Rep 2019	FRET	Turquoise | PDE5(154-308) | tandem-mVenus	binding
cGKI based cGMP sensors
cGi family	Russwurm M et al. Biochem J 2007	FRET	CFP | Linker | cGKI cNMP-BD A+B | Linker | YFP	binding
cGull
Green-cGull	Matsuda S et al. ACS Sens 2017	Intensity	Citrine (1-144) | MRG Linker | mPDE5alpha S185P | NV Linker | Citrine (146-238)	binding
CGY
CGY-del1	Sato M et al. Anal Chem 2000	FRET	ECFP(1-232) | PKG I alpha delta 1-47 | EYFP	binding
CUTie
CUTie2	Klein F et al. Front Mol Biosci 2021	FRET	PKGI CNBD-N|YFP|PKGI CNBD-C|CFP	binding
cyGNAL
cyGNAL	Betolngar DB et al. Cereb Cortex 2019	Ratiometric		binding
cygnet
cygnet-2	Honda A et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001	FRET	ECFP | cGPK (delta 1-77 T516A) | EYFP	binding
cygnet-2.1	Honda A et al. Methods Mol Biol 2005	FRET	ECFP | cGPK (delta 1-77 T516A) | Citrine	binding
FlincG
delta-FlincG	Nausch LW et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008	Excitation Ratiometric	PKG I alpha (77-356)| cpEGFP	binding	There are also alpha and beta variants
H6-FGB	Bhargava Y et al. Front Mol Neurosci 2013	Intensity	H6| PKG 1alpha (77-356) |cpEGFP | tail B | K H6	binding
FGA^M	Bhargava Y et al. Front Mol Neurosci 2013	FRET	H6| PKG 1alpha (77-356) |cpEGFP M335K | tail A | H6	binding
PfPKG
PfPKG Yellow	Calamera G et al. Commun Biol 2019	FRET	CFP - PfPKG D-domain (S403-E542) - Venus	binding
Red PfPKG	Calamera G et al. Commun Biol 2019	FRET	T-sapphire - PfPKG D-domain (S403-E542) - Dimer2	binding
Citrate
FLIP-Cit
FLIP-Cit-Y	Ewald JC et al. PLoS One 2011	FRET	CFP | CitA6-130 | Venus	binding	Y = citrate affinity
CO
COSer
COSer	Wang J et al. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012	Intensity	Rhodospirillum rubrum CooA (1-132) | cpVenus | CooA (133 - end)	binding
CRAC
PH(crac)-GFP
PH(crac)-GFP	Dormann D et al. Curr Biol 2002	Translocation	PH domain of CRAC | EGFP	other	For Dictyostelium cells
CREB
ICAP
ICAP	Friedrich MW et al. J Biol Chem 2010	FRET	CFP | CREB Kinase Inducible Domain (121-160) | GGSGGT Linker | CREB binding protein (586-662) | citrine	phosphorylation
NLS-ICAP	Friedrich MW et al. J Biol Chem 2010	FRET	NLS sequence PKKKRKVEDA| CFP | CREB Kinase Inducible Domain (121-160) | GGSGGT Linker | CREB binding protein (586-662) | citrine	phosphorylation
Cu+
CreiLOV
CreiLOV	Zou W et al. ChemBioChem 2020	Intensity	CreiLOV	binding
Yeast Copper regulator based
Ace1-FRET	Wegner SV et al. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011	FRET	CFP | Ace1 (36-100) | YFP	binding
Mac1-FRET	Wegner SV et al. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011	FRET	CFP | Mac1 (203-295) | YFP	binding
Amt1-FRET	Wegner SV et al. J Am Chem Soc 2010	FRET	CFP | Amt1 (36-110) | YFP	binding
DAG
Cys1-GFP
Cys1-GFP	Oancea E et al. J Cell Biol 1998	Translocation	Cys-domain of PKC-gamma | GFP	binding
C1_2-GFP	Oancea E and Meyer T Cell 1998	Translocation	PKC gamma C1 domain | PKC gamma C1 domain | GFP | GFP	binding
Daglas
Daglas-pm1	Sato M et al. Nat Methods 2006	FRET	CFP | rigid linker 1 | Cysteine-rich domain (CRD) from PKCbeta | rigid linker 2 w/hinge | YFP | rigid linker 3 | PM localization sequence	binding
Daglas-em1	Sato M et al. Nat Methods 2006	FRET	CFP | rigid linker 1 | Cysteine-rich domain (CRD) from PKCbeta | rigid linker 2 w/hinge | YFP | rigid linker 3 | endomembrane localization sequence	binding
Daglas-mit1	Sato M et al. Nat Methods 2006	FRET	YFP | rigid linker 1 | Cysteine-rich domain (CRD) from PKCbeta | rigid linker 2 w/hinge | CFP | rigid linker 3 | Mitochondrial outer membrane localization sequence	binding
DAGR
DAGR	Violin JD et al. J Cell Biol 2003	FRET	CFP| PKC beta C1 | YFP	binding
Digda
Digda	Nishioka T et al. Mol Biol Cell 2008	FRET	KRAS | YFP | C1 domain of PKCbII | CFP	binding
DAPK1
DAPK1 sensor
DAPK1	Pilji? A et al. ACS Chem Biol 2011	FRET	mVenus| DAPK1 - 334 | mTurquois	binding	F40 seems to be the best
Dictyostelium GPCR
Labeled G proteins
Gβ-YFP + Gα2-CFP	Janetopoulos C et al. Science 2001	FRET	G beta | EYFP || G alpha2 N term | ECFP | G alpha2 C term	binding
DNA methylation
DNA methylation BiAD
DNA methylation BiAD sensor	Lungu C et al. Nat Commun 2017	Intensity		other	Fluorescence complementation sensor for live cell detection of DNA methylation at defined genomic sites.
Dopamine
dLight : Dopamine
dLight1.2	Patriarchi T et al. Science 2018	Intensity	HA secretory sequence | Flag-tag | human Dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) 1-232 F129A| cpGFP | DRD1 269-end |	binding
RdLight1	Patriarchi T et al. Nat Methods 2020	Intensity	HA secretory sequence | Flag-tag | human Dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) 1-232 F129E| cpmApple | DRD1 269-end |	binding
Dopamine CNiFER
D2 CNiFER	Muller A et al. Nat Methods 2014	FRET	D2 GPCR || TN-XXL Ca2+Biosensor	binding	Co-expressed in a cell and co-cultured or implanted with neurons.
GRAB-DA
GRAB_DA1m	Sun F et al. Cell 2018	Intensity	D2R1-5|cpGFP|D2R6-7	binding	GRABDA enables measurements of dopamine dynamics in freely behaving animals with high spatiotemporal precision. EC50 130 nM
GRAB_DA1h	Sun F et al. Cell 2018	Intensity	D2R1-5|cpGFP|D2R6-7 T205M	binding	EC50 10 nM for DA
rDA1	Sun F et al. Nat Methods 2020	Intensity	D2R1-5|cpmApple|D2R6-7	binding
DRD2
iTango
DRD2-iTango	Lee D et al. Nat Methods 2017	Intensity	HA | DRD2 | V2tail | CIBN | AsLOV2 | TEV sequence | tTA || beta-arr 2 | Tev-N || NES | CRY2PHR | TEV-C || Tet-O | EGFP	binding	Receptor activation in the presence of blue light will result in cleavage and expression of a reporter FP
eCB
GRAB-eCB
GRAB-eCB2.0	Dong A et al. Nat Biotechnol 2022	Intensity	CB1R|TM5|cpEGFP|TM6|CB1R	binding
EGFR
ECaus
ECaus	Nakajima T et al. ACS Chem Biol 2008	FRET	CFP | Src based EGFR substrate | Linker | SH2 | YFP | NES	phosphorylation	When coupled with a chimeric receptor BBD-ECat this can also act as a BDNF biosensor
EGFR Reporter
EGFR Reporter	Ting AY et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001	FRET	CFP | SH2 (from Shc) | Linker | EGFR substrate | YFP	phosphorylation
FLAME
FLAME	Offterdinger M et al. J Biol Chem 2004	FRET	EGFR | ECFP | Phosphotyrosine Binding domain (PTB) | EYFP	phosphorylation	Probe for EGFR autophosphorylation
PTB-EYFP, EGFR-ECFP	Offterdinger M et al. J Biol Chem 2004	FRET	phosphotyrosine binding domain (PTB) | EYFP || EGFR | ECFP	phosphorylation	Measuring EGFR Autophosphorylation
Picchu-Z
Picchu-Z	Itoh RE et al. Exp Cell Res 2005	FRET	Myc-tagged ZIPB1 | YFP | CrkII | CFP || HA-tagged ZIPA2 | EGFR	phosphorylation	Coiled Coil domains cause association with tagged EGFR to add specificity to Picchu probe
Enterokinase
BRET-based
hGluc-EK-tdTomato	Li F et al. Talanta 2013	BRET	hGluc|EK|tdTomato	other
ERK
EAS
EAS3	Green HM and Alberola-Ila J BMC Chem Biol 2005	FRET	ECFP|human Elk1 375-404 | EYFP	phosphorylation
EKAR
EKAR	Harvey CD et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008	FRET	mRFP1 | WW domain | 72 Gly Linker | ERK substrate (CdC25c) | ERK docking domain | EGFP	phosphorylation
REV	Xu C et al. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013	BRET	Rluc8| WW domain | 72 Gly Linker | ERK substrate (CdC25c) | ERK docking domain | Venus	phosphorylation
EKAREV	Komatsu N et al. Mol Biol Cell 2011	FRET	YPet | WW| EV Linker | Erk Substrate | ECFP|NES	phosphorylation
EKAR-TVV	Vandame P et al. Sensors (Basel) 2014	FRET	mTurquoise | ERK DD | WW | Linker| ERK Substrate | Cp173 Venus | Venus	phosphorylation
EKAREV-TVV	Vandame P et al. Sensors (Basel) 2014	FRET	mTurquoise | ERK DD | WW | EV Linker| ERK Substrate | Cp173 Venus | Venus	phosphorylation
EKAR3	Sparta B et al. J Biol Chem 2015	FRET	YPet | WW| EV Linker | Erk Substrate | mTurquoise2|NES	phosphorylation
EKAR2G	Fritz RD et al. Sci Signal 2013	FRET	cp227-mTFP1 | WW Domain | Linker | CDC25C | ERK Docking Domain | cp173-Venus | NES	phosphorylation
EKAR^dual	Demeautis C et al. Sci Rep 2017	FLIM	mTFP | WW | 72-Gly | ERK Substrate | ERK docking domain | ShadowG | NES	phosphorylation	For multiplexing with AKAR^dual
bimEKAR	Depry C et al. Chem Biol 2015	FRET	Cerulean|WW domain | NES || ERK Substrate + Docking Domain|Venus|NES	phosphorylation
EKARet	Tang S and Yasuda R Neuron 2017	FLIM-FRET	sREAChet [sREACh S208F/R223F/V224L] | WW domain | EV Linker | ERK substrate and docking site | EGFP	phosphorylation
RAB-EKARev	Mehta S et al. Nat Cell Biol 2018	Intensity	RFP-A | WW domain | Eevee linker | ERK substrate | RFP-B	phosphorylation
VcpV FLARE EKAR	Ross BL et al. Elife 2018	FRET	Venus|WWdomain|Erksub|cp172Venus|DAKAP	phosphorylation	FLARE, homoFRET, anisotropy based sensor
mCh-mCh FLARE EKAR	Ross BL et al. Elife 2018	FRET	mCherry|WWdomain|Erksub|mCherry	phosphorylation	FLARE, homoFRET, anisotropy based sensor
C3C3 FLARE EKAR	Ross BL et al. Elife 2018	FRET	mCerulean3|WWdomain|Erksub|mCerulean3	phosphorylation	FLARE, homoFRET, anisotropy based sensor
VV FLARE EKAR	Ross BL et al. Elife 2018	FRET	mVenus|WWdomain|Erksub|mVenus	phosphorylation
fRR-EKARev	Mo GCH et al. Nat Commun 2020	FRET	smuRFP | WW | EV-linker | ERK substrate/docking | stagRFP	phosphorylation
EKAR4	Keyes J et al. Elife 2020	FRET	ECFP | WW | EV linker | ERK substrate | Ypet	phosphorylation	Have three versions targeted to plasma membrane, cytosol, or nucleus
EKAREN4	Ponsioen B et al. Nat Cell Biol 2021	FRET	Ypet | ligand domain | EV-linker | substrate (K426W, K424P) | Turqoise 2 (silent mutant) | NLS	phosphorylation
EKAREN5	Ponsioen B et al. Nat Cell Biol 2021	FRET	Ypet | ligand domain | EV-linker (78 aa) | substrate (K426W, K424P) | Turqoise 2 (silent mutant) | NLS	phosphorylation
ERK-KTR
ERK-KTR	Regot S et al. Cell 2014	Translocation	Elk1(312-356)|bNLS|NES|(X)FP	phosphorylation
Erkus
Erkus	Sato M et al. Anal Chem 2007	FRET	CFP | FHA2| Linker| ERK Substrate | YFP |ERK Docking Domain (D) |	phosphorylation
ERKy
ERKy	Tomida T et al. Sci Signal 2012	FRET	YPET | Pin1 WW Domain | c-jun peptide (56-69) [ERK Sub] | ERK Docking Domain | SECFP	phosphorylation
FIRE
FIRE	Albeck JG et al. Mol Cell 2013	Intensity	NLS|mVenus|Fra-1 (163-271)	phosphorylation
CBGreen-FIRE	Day EK et al. Cell Rep 2020	Bioluminescence	NLS|CBGreen|Fra-1 (163-271)	phosphorylation
FLINC-EKAR1
FLINC-EKAR1	Mo GC et al. Nat Methods 2017	FLINC	Lyn | Dronpa | WW domain | EV Linker | ERK substrate + Docking Domain | TagRFP-T	phosphorylation	Super-resolution with pcSOFI
FPX ERK
FPX EKAR	Ding Y et al. Nat Methods 2015	Ratiometric	RA | WW Domain | ERK substrate DD domain | B || Free GA	phosphorylation
Miu2
Miu2	Fujioka A et al. J Biol Chem 2006	FRET	YFP | ERK | CFP	binding	Activation biosensor
F-1,6-BP
fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate
Glycolytic Flux Sensor	Monteiro F et al. Mol Syst Biol 2019	Intensity		other	Uses bacterial CggR to induce expression of yeCitrine in a F-1,6-BP-dependent manner in yeast
HYlight	Koberstein JN et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022	FRET	CggR (89-180) | cpGFP | CggR (181-340)	other
FAK
FAK Activation Biosensor
CYFAK413	Cai X et al. Mol Cell Biol 2008	FRET	CFP | FAK FERM domain | Citrine | FAK Catalytic domain | FAT Domain	other
FAK Autophosphorylation Biosensor
FAK Autophosphorylation Biosensor	Cai X et al. Mol Cell Biol 2008	FRET	CFP | FAK || Citrine | SH2 | SH2	phosphorylation
FAK sensor
FAK sensor	Seong J et al. Nat Commun 2011	FRET	ECFP | SH2 | Linker | FAK Substrate | YPET	phosphorylation
Fus3
Far1-SKARS
Far1-SKARS	Durandau E et al. BMC Biol 2015	Translocation	Far1|NLS|NLS|mCherry	phosphorylation
Fyn
FRET
Fyn-FRET	Ouyang M et al. ACS Sens 2019	FRET	ECFP | SH2 (C185A) | linker | Fynsub | Ypet	phosphorylation
saFRET
Fyn-saFRET	Liu L et al. Nat Commun 2021	FRET	ECFP | SH2 | linker | Fynsub | Ypet | EV linker | Fyn kinase domain	phosphorylation
FZD4
Receptor Conformation Sensor
FZD4-cpGFP	Schihada H et al. Biosens Bioelectron 2021	Intensity	Frizzled 4, cpGFP	other
FZD5
Receptor Conformation Sensor
FZD5-cpGFP	Schihada H et al. Biosens Bioelectron 2021	Intensity	Frizzled 5, cpGFP	other
FZD6
Receptor Conformation Sensor
FZD6-cpGFP	Schihada H et al. Biosens Bioelectron 2021	Intensity	Frizzled 6, cpGFP	other
FZD7
Receptor Conformation Sensor
FZD7-cpGFP	Schihada H et al. Biosens Bioelectron 2021	Intensity	Frizzled 7, cpGFP	other
G1 Phase
G1 Phase Biosensor
G1 Phase Biosensor	Hahn AT et al. Cell Cycle 2009	Translocation	HDHB C term| tdimer2	other
GABA
GABA-Snifit
GABA-Snifit	Masharina A et al. J Am Chem Soc 2012	FRET	SNAP-tag modified with benzylguanine(BG)-Cy5- intramolecular ligand CGP | TR linker | CLIP-tag conjucated with CLIP-Surface547| TR Linker | GABA B Receptor subunit 1a (GB1a)	binding	Semisynthetic biosensor. Other synthetic dye FRET pairs tested in Masharina J Am Chem Soc 2012 as well
iGABASnFR
iGABASnFR	Marvin JS et al. Nat Methods 2019	Intensity	IgG secretion signal | Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf266 2-276 | SFGFP 147-238 | linker | SFGFP 1-146 | Pf622 277-320 | Myc epitope | PDGFR transmembrane domain 513-561	binding	Several variants described in paper, including mutations F102G and F102Y.Y127L, along with subcellular targeted versions. See addgene 112180-112159.
GCK
GCK Activation Biosensors
FRET-GCK	Rizzo MA et al. J Biol Chem 2002	FRET	CFP | GCK | YFP	other
Cerulean-GCK-mCit	Rizzo MA et al. Nat Biotechnol 2004	FRET	Cerulean | GCK | mCitrine	other
FRET-GCK (mCer/mVen)	Ding SY et al. J Biol Chem 2011	FRET	mCerulean | GCK | mVenus	other
FRET-GCK (cp173-mCer3/mVen)	Markwardt ML et al. J Biol Chem 2016	FRET	cp173-mCer3 | GCK | mVenus	other	Unclear if it is mVenus
Gα
Galpha activation
MiniG	Wan Q et al. J Biol Chem 2018	FRET	B2AR|Cerulean||miniG|Venus	binding
MiniG(RLuc8-Venus)	Wan Q et al. J Biol Chem 2018	BRET	B2AR|RLuc8||miniG|Venus	binding
Gαi
Gαi Sensor
Gαi1 Sensor v2	van Unen J et al. PLoS One 2016	FRET	cpVenus | Gγ2 || Gαi1 | mTurquoise2	binding
Gαi2 Sensor v2	van Unen J et al. PLoS One 2016	FRET	cpVenus | Gγ2 || Gαi2 | mTurquoise2	binding
Gαi3 Sensor v2	van Unen J et al. PLoS One 2016	FRET	cpVenus | Gγ2 || Gαi3 | mTurquoise2	binding
Galphai1 v1	Gibson SK and Gilman AG Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006	FRET	CFP | Gbeta1gamma2 || G(alpha)i1 | YFP	binding
Galphai2 v1	Gibson SK and Gilman AG Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006	FRET	CFP | Gbeta1gamma2 || G(alpha)i2 | YFP	binding
G(alpha)i3 v1	Gibson SK and Gilman AG Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006	FRET	CFP | Gbeta1gamma2 || G(alpha)i3 | YFP	binding
Bunemann Gai-Gb1	Bünemann M et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003	FRET	ratGai (1-91)| YFP (F46L) | Gai (92+) (C351I) || CFP (1-231) | rat Gb1	binding
Bunemann Gai-Gg2	Bünemann M et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003	FRET	ratGai (1-91)| YFP (F46L) | Gai (92+) (C351I) || rat Gg2 | CFP (1-239)	binding
Gαq
Gαq Sensor
Gαq Sensor (v1)	Jensen JB et al. J Gen Physiol 2009	FRET	Gαq | CFP || Gβ1 | YFP	binding
Gαq Sensor (v2)	Adjobo-Hermans MJ et al. BMC Biol 2011	FRET	Gγ2 | YFP || Gαq | mTqΔ6	binding
Gαs
Gαs Sensor
Gαs Sensor	Hein P et al. J Biol Chem 2006	FRET	Gαs | YFP || CFP | Gγ2	binding
Gs Activation BRET Assay
RLucII-117-Gαs + GFP10-Gγ1	Thomsen ARB et al. Cell 2016	BRET	Gαs (1-117) | RLucII | Gαs (118-end) || GFP10 | Gγ1	binding
Nb37 based
Nb37-YFP	Godbole A et al. Nat Commun 2017	Translocation	Nb37|YFP	binding	Nb37 recognizes nucleotide free Galphas
Gln
FLIPQ
FLIPQ-TV3.0	Gruenwald K et al. PLoS One 2012	FRET	glnH N term | mTFP | glnH C term | Venus	binding
Glucose
FLIPglu
FLIPglu-Y series	Fehr M et al. J Biol Chem 2003	FRET	ECFP | Mature glucose/galactose binding protein MglB | YFP	binding	Y = Kd glucose. Published with 170 nm and 600 uM
FLII^XPglu-Y Series	Deuschle K et al. Protein Sci 2005	FRET	MglB (1-X) | ECFP | MglB (X-end) | EYFP	binding	X = Site of GFP insertion, Y = glucose affinity
FLII^12Pglu-Y Series	Takanaga H et al. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008	FRET	MglB (1-12) | eCFP | MglB (13-304) | Linker | Citrine	binding	Y = glucose affinity
FLIPglu-Y delta 13	Deuschle K et al. Plant Cell 2006	FRET	ECFP (1-229) | MglB mutants | Linker | eYFP (7-238)	binding	Y = glucose affinity
FLIPglu-600u-delta(X) series	Deuschle K et al. Protein Sci 2005	FRET	eCFP | linker variant | mglB | linker variant | eYFP	binding	Linker variants to increase the dynamic range
GGBP
FGBP	Hu H et al. RSC Adv 2018	Excitation Ratiometric	GGBP (1-294) | cpYFP | GGBP (295-305)	binding
GIP
GIP	Ye K and Schultz JS Anal Chem 2003	FRET	YFP | Glucose Binding Protein (GBP) | GFPuv	binding	pH sensitive
GIP C_0Y_i	Garrett JR et al. Biotechnol Prog 2008	FRET	ECFP | mutated GBP | ph-Insensitive YFP_i	binding
AcGFP1-GBPcys-mCherry	Veetil JV et al. Biosens Bioelectron 2010	FRET	AcGFP1| GBPcys | mCherry	binding
Glifon
Green Glifon	Mita M et al. Anal Chem 2019	Intensity	Citrine (1-144) | linker | MglB (24-330) | linker | Citrine (146-238)	binding
Red Glifon	Mita M et al. Cell Chem Biol 2022	Intensity	mApple (1-150) | linker | MglB (24-328) | linker | mApple (151-236)	binding
Glutamate
FLIP Glt
FLIP-cpGltI210	Okada S et al. Protein Sci 2009	FRET	Venus | circularly permuted GltI 210 | Cerulean	binding	Has some affinity for Asp as well
FLIPE
FLIPE-Y Series	Okumoto S et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005	FRET	ECFP | mature ybeJ glutamate binding protein | Venus	binding	Y = glutamate
FLIPE-Y Surface series	Okumoto S et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005	FRET	Ig kappa-chain leader sequence | ECFP | mature ybeJ glutamate binding protein | Venus | PDGFR transmembrane domain	binding	Extracellular Glutamate Y = Glutamate affinity
FLII^81PE-1u	Deuschle K et al. Protein Sci 2005	FRET	His | mature ybeJ (52-81) | Cyan | ybeJ (82-352) | Venus	binding	intracellular glutamate
GluSnFR
superGluSnFR	Hires SA et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008	FRET	Ig kappa-chain leader sequence | ECFP (1-228) | mature GltI delta 8N,5C S73T | Citrine | PDGFR transmembrane domain	binding	Extracellular Glutamate
iGluSnFR
iGluSnFR	Marvin JS et al. Nat Methods 2013	Intensity	Ecoli GltI (5-152)| cpGFP(147-238)| GGTGGS Linker | cpGFP(1-146)|Ecoli GltI (153-279)	binding
iGlu_f	Helassa N et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018	Intensity	Ecoli GltI (5-152) E25D | cpGFP(147-238)| GGTGGS Linker | cpGFP(1-146)|Ecoli GltI (153-279)	binding	Faster than iGluSnFR. Kd 137 uM
iGlu_u	Helassa N et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018	Intensity	Ecoli GltI (5-152) S72T | cpGFP(147-238)| GGTGGS Linker | cpGFP(1-146)|Ecoli GltI (153-279)	binding	Faster than iGluSnFR. Kd 600 uM
iGluSnFR3	Aggarwal A et al. Nat Methods 2023	Intensity	Glt1(N) | cpmVenus | Glt1 (C)	binding
QBP based Gln Sensor
Gln D157N reporter	Yang H et al. PLoS One 2010	FRET	QBP 1-98 T70A | Citrine | QBP 99-end D157 N | ECFP	binding
Snifit-iGluR5
Snifit-iGluR5	Brun MA et al. J Am Chem Soc 2012	FRET	pDisplay | SNAP-tag conjugated with BG-PEG11-Cy5-glutamate analogue 1| Linker | CLIP-tag conjugated with CLIP-Surface 547 | iGluR5 S1S2 glutamate binding domain	binding	Semisynthetic biosensor
Glycine
glycine FRET sensor
GlyFS	Zhang WH et al. Nat Chem Biol 2018	FRET	ECFP|mutant Atu2422 domain|Venus	binding	used with single and two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy
GTP
GEVAL
GEVAL30	Bianchi-Smiraglia A et al. Nat Methods 2017	Excitation Ratiometric	FeoB (1-39) | SAG | cpEYFP (cp144) | GT | FeoB (40-270)	binding	Visualized using 405/485 excitation ratio; 530 nm emission.
GEVAL260	Bianchi-Smiraglia A et al. Nat Methods 2017	Excitation Ratiometric	FeoB (1-39; P12G) | SAG | cpEYFP (cp144) | GT | FeoB (40-270)	binding	Visualized using 405/485 excitation ratio; 530 nm emission.
GEVAL530	Bianchi-Smiraglia A et al. Nat Methods 2017	Excitation Ratiometric	FeoB (1-39; P12G S14A) | SAG | cpEYFP (cp144) | GT | FeoB (40-270)	binding	Visualized using 405/485 excitation ratio; 530 nm emission.
GEVAL1150	Bianchi-Smiraglia A et al. Nat Methods 2017	Excitation Ratiometric	FeoB (1-39; P12G T17S) | SAG | cpEYFP (cp144) | GT | FeoB (40-270)	binding	Visualized using 405/485 excitation ratio; 530 nm emission.
GEVAL2300	Bianchi-Smiraglia A et al. Nat Methods 2017	Excitation Ratiometric	FeoB (1-39; P12G S14A T17S) | SAG | cpEYFP (cp144) | GT | FeoB (40-270)	binding	Visualized using 405/485 excitation ratio; 530 nm emission.
H2O2
HyPer
HyPer	Belousov VV et al. Nat Methods 2006	Excitation Ratiometric	OxyR-RD(81-205) |cpYFP (cp144) | OxyR-RD(206-310)	other
HyPerRed	Ermakova YG et al. Nat Commun 2014	Excitation Ratiometric	OxyR-RD(81-205) |cpmApple | OxyR-RD(206-310)	other
HyPer-2	Markvicheva KN et al. Bioorg Med Chem 2011	Excitation Ratiometric	OxyR-RD(81-205) |cpYFP (cp144) N353S | OxyR-RD(206-310) A406V	other
HyPer-3	Bilan DS et al. ACS Chem Biol 2013	Excitation Ratiometric	OxyR-RD(81-205) H34Y |cpYFP (cp144) | OxyR-RD(206-310)	other
NeonOxIrr	Subach OM et al. Int J Mol Sci 2019	Intensity	OxyR-RD(79-205) |cpmNeonGreen (cp144) | OxyR-RD(206-305)	other
Hyper-7	Pak VV et al. Cell Metab 2020	Intensity	NM OxyR-RD-N|cpYFP|NM OxyR-RD-C	other
roGFP based H2O2 sensor
roGFP2-Orp1	Gutscher M et al. J Biol Chem 2009	Excitation Ratiometric	GFP (C48S, S65T, S147C, and Q204C) | Orp1 (CS)	other
roGFP2-GPx4	Gutscher M et al. J Biol Chem 2009	Excitation Ratiometric	GFP (C48S, S65T, S147C, and Q204C) | GPx4	other
roGFP2-Tsa2 delta Cr	Morgan B et al. Nat Chem Biol 2016	Excitation Ratiometric	GFP (C48S, S65T, S147C, and Q204C) | Tsa2 (del Cr)	other	dependent on thioredoxins
roGFP2-Tsa2 delta Cp delta Cr	Morgan B et al. Nat Chem Biol 2016	Excitation Ratiometric	GFP (C48S, S65T, S147C, and Q204C) | Tsa2 (del Cp del Cr)	other	dependent on thioredoxins
Unnatural Amino Acid H2O2 sensor
UFP-Tyr66pBoPhe	Wang F et al. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012	Intensity	GFPuv - Tyr66pBoPhe	other	Irreversable. requires orthogonal tRNA and synthetase pair for encoding pBoPhe p-boronatephenylalanine
Yap1 based H2O2 sensor
OxyFRET	Enyedi B et al. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013	FRET	Cerulean delta 11 | Yap1 n terminal Cystine Rich Domain (nCRD) | GGSGG Linker | Yap1 c terminal Cystine Rich Domain (cCRD) | cp173 Venus	other
PerFRET	Enyedi B et al. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013	FRET	Cerulean delta 11 | Oxidant receptor 1 (Orp1) | GGGS Linker | Yap1 c terminal Cystine Rich Domain (cCRD) | cp173 Venus	other
H2S
pAzF H2S sensors
cpGFP-Tyr66pAzF	Chen S et al. J Am Chem Soc 2012	Intensity	cpGFP-Tyr66pAzF	other	requires orthogonal tRNA and synthetase pair for encoding pAzF p-azidophenylalanine
hsGFP	Chen ZJ and Ai HW Biochemistry 2014	Intensity	cp superfolderGFP-Tyr66pAzF	other	requires orthogonal tRNA and synthetase pair for encoding pAzF p-azidophenylalanine
H3-S10p
H3S10p biosensor
H3S10p biosensor	Peng Q et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018	FRET	Histone H3 | ECFP | FHA2 | H3 1-14 | YPet	phosphorylation
H3-S28p
Histone Phosphorylation reporter
Histone Phosphorylation reporter	Lin CW and Ting AY Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004	FRET	CFP | 14-3-3 tau|linker|H3 Peptide |YFP	phosphorylation
H3K9me3
H3K9me3 BiAD
H3K9me3 BiAD sensor	Lungu C et al. Nat Commun 2017	Intensity		binding	Fluorescence complementation sensor for live cell detection of H3K9me3 at defined genomic sites.
H3R
Receptor Conformation Sensor
H3R-Nluc/HaloTag	Schihada H et al. ACS Sens 2020	BRET	H3R, NanoLuciferase, HaloTag	other
Halide Ions
Clomeleon
Clomeleon	Kuner T and Augustine GJ Neuron 2000	FRET	CFP|rTev flexible linker peptide|YFP	binding	F? > I? > Br? > Cl?
Cl-sensor	Markova O et al. J Neurosci Methods 2008	FRET	CFP|GSGSGENLYFAGGGSGGSGS linker | YFP (H148Q,I152L,V163S)	binding
SuperClomeleon	Grimley JS et al. J Neurosci 2013	FRET	Cerulean|short linker|YFP(mutant)	binding
Dual pH and Cl sensor
ClopHensor	Arosio D et al. Nat Methods 2010	Ratiometric	E^2GFP|DsRed	other	Also senses pH
LSSmClopHensor	Paredes JM et al. ACS Chem Biol 2016	Ratiometric	E^2GFP|LSSmKate2	other	Also senses pH
ER-LSSmsfClopHensor	Shariati K et al. ACS Sens 2022	Ratiometric	calreticulin leader sequence | sfGFP (T203Y) | LSSmKate2 | KDEL retention signal	other	Also senses pH
Halide Sensitive Fluorescent Proteins
YFP(H148Q)	Jayaraman S et al. J Biol Chem 2000	Intensity	YFP-H148Q	binding	ClO(4)(-) approximately I(-) > SCN(-) > NO(3)(-) > Cl(-) > Br(-) > formate > acetate
YFP(H148Q, I152L)	Galietta LJ et al. FEBS Lett 2001	Intensity	YFP(H148Q, I152L)	binding	I?>NO3 ?>Br?>Cl?
Cl-YFP	Zhong S et al. PLoS One 2014	Intensity	EYFP-F46L/Q69K/H148Q/I152L/V163S/S175G/S205V/A206K	binding
ClsM	Zhong S et al. PLoS One 2014	Intensity	YFP	binding
mBeRFP-S94V/R205Y	Salto R et al. ACS Sens 2021	Intensity	mBeRFP-S94V/R205Y	binding	Cl-
GR1	Tutol JN et al. Chem Sci 2021	Intensity	Gloeobacter Rhodopsin	binding	Cl-
mNeonGreen-R195Y	Tutol JN et al. Chembiochem 2019	Intensity	mNeonGreen-R195Y	binding	Cl-
phiYFP	Tutol JN et al. Biochemistry 2019	Intensity	phiYFP	binding	Cl-
Heme
CHY
CH49Y	Abshire JR et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017	FRET	ECFP | pfHRP2 49 aa long | EYFP	binding
CISDY
CISDY-9	Song Y et al. ACS Chem Biol 2015	FRET	ECFP | IsdX1 NEAT domain | GGSx9 | IsdC NEAT domain | EYFP	binding
Fluorescence quenching Heme
HS1	Hanna DA et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016	Ratiometric	mKate2 | EGFP 1-39 | GGS Linker | Cyt b562 | G Linker | EGFP 40-end	binding	heme binding quenches EGFP fluorescence
HS1-M7A	Hanna DA et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016	Ratiometric	mKate2 | EGFP 1-39 | GGS Linker | Cyt b562 M7A | G Linker | EGFP 40-end	binding	heme binding quenches EGFP fluorescence, mKate2 is not affected
CG6	Arpino JA et al. J Am Chem Soc 2012	Intensity	EGFP 1-39 | GGS Linker | Cyt b562 | G Linker | EGFP 40-end	binding
Heterotrimeric G Proteins
αβγ trimerization
TRUPATH	Olsen RHJ et al. Nat Chem Biol 2020	BRET	Galpha-RLuc8||Ggamma-GFP	binding
G-CASE	Schihada H et al. Sci Signal 2021	BRET	Gbeta||cpVenus-Ggamma||Galpha-NLuc-Galpha	binding
Hg(II)
eGFP based Hg sensor
eGFP205C	Chapleau RR et al. Protein Sci 2008	Intensity	eGFP S205C	binding
IFP based Hg sensor
IFP based Hg sensor	Gu Z et al. Anal Chem 2011	Intensity	IFP	binding	Hg(II) binding blocks biliverdin binding
His
FHisJ
FHisJ	Hu H et al. Sci Rep 2017	Ratiometric	HisJ (1-184) | cpYFP | HisJ (194-238)	binding
FLIP-HisJ
FLIP-cpHisJ194	Okada S et al. Protein Sci 2009	FRET	Venus | circularly permuted HisJ 194 | ECFP	binding	Kd = 14
Histone Acetylation
Histac
Histac-H4K5/8	Sasaki K et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009	FRET	Venus | BRDT bromodomain | H4 | CFP	binding
Histac-H4K12	Ito T et al. Chem Biol 2011	FRET	Venus | BRD2 bromodomain | H4 | CFP	binding
Histac-H3K9/14	Nakaoka S et al. ACS Chem Biol 2016	FRET	Venus | BRD4 Bromodomain | H3 | ECFP	binding
Ins(1,3,4,5)P4
Btk PH domain based
Btk-cpGFP	Sakaguchi R et al. Bioorg Med Chem 2009	Excitation Ratiometric	Btk-N (1-18) | GFP-C (145-238) | GFP-N(1-144) | Btk-C (21-170)	binding	Has a similar Kd for IP6
INSR
Insulin Receptor Activation BRET assay
Insulin Receptor Activation BRET assay	Boute N et al. Mol Pharmacol 2001	BRET	Insulin Receptor | EYFP || Insulin Receptor | Rluc	binding	Insulin receptor activation
Phocus
Phocus2	Sato M et al. Nat Biotechnol 2002	FRET	CFP | Y941 | Ln | SH2n | YFP	phosphorylation
Phocus-2pp nes	Sato M et al. Nat Biotechnol 2002	FRET	PH PTB | CFP | Y941 | Ln | SH2n | YFP|NES	phosphorylation
sinphos
cyan-sinphos	Kawai Y et al. Anal Chem 2004	Intensity	PH PTB | SH2n | cpECFP 145 | INSR substrate	phosphorylation
green-sinphos	Kawai Y et al. Anal Chem 2004	Intensity	PH PTB | SH2n | cpEGFP 145 | INSR substrate	phosphorylation
yellow-sinphos	Kawai Y et al. Anal Chem 2004	Intensity	PH PTB | SH2n | cpCitrine 145 | INSR substrate	phosphorylation
Insulin
RINS
RINS1	Schifferer M et al. Cell Chem Biol 2017	Ratiometric	Proinsulin B chain | Proinsulin Cn | mCherry | Proinsulin Cn | sfGFP	other	Irreversable proteolysis of the proinsulin C peptide
IP3
FIRE
FIRE-1	Remus TP et al. J Biol Chem 2006	FRET	eCFP | SGLRSRA Linker | InsP3 Receptor 1 | DPRVPVAT Linker | eYFP	binding
FIRE-2	Remus TP et al. J Biol Chem 2006	FRET	eCFP | SGLRSRA Linker | InsP3 Receptor 2 | DPRVPVAT Linker | eYFP	binding
FIRE-3	Remus TP et al. J Biol Chem 2006	FRET	eCFP | SGLRSRA Linker | InsP3 Receptor 3 | DPRVPVAT Linker | eYFP	binding
fretino
fretino-2	Sato M et al. Anal Chem 2005	FRET	CFP | human IP3 Receptor 1 (224-579) R504Q | YFP	binding
FRET InsP3 sensor	Gulyás G et al. PLoS One 2015	FRET	Cerulean | Human type 1 IP3 receptor (224-605) R265K | cp173 Venus | Venus	binding
bretino	Gulyás G et al. PLoS One 2015	BRET	Sluc | Human type 1 IP3 receptor (224-605) R265K | cp173 Venus | Venus	binding
GFP-PH
GFP-PHD	Hirose K et al. Science 1999	Translocation	GFP | PH domain of PLC delta 1	binding
IRIS
IRIS-1	Matsu-ura T et al. J Cell Biol 2006	FRET	Venus | mouse IP3R1 (224-575) | eCFP	binding
LIBRA
LIBRA	Tanimura A et al. J Biol Chem 2004	FRET	CFP | IP3-binding domain of the rat type 3 IP3R | YFP	binding
LIBRAvIII	Tanimura A et al. J Biol Chem 2009	FRET	CFP | IP3-binding domain of the rat type 3 IP3R | Venus	binding
LIBRAVIIIS	Tanimura A et al. J Biol Chem 2009	FRET	CFP | IP3-binding domain of the rat type 3 IP3R (R440Q) | Venus	binding
LIBRAvII	Tanimura A et al. J Biol Chem 2009	FRET	CFP | IP3-binding domain of the rat type 2 IP3R | Venus	binding
LIBRAvI	Tanimura A et al. J Biol Chem 2009	FRET	CFP | IP3-binding domain of the rat type 1 IP3R | Venus	binding
α1-AR
α1-AR SPASM
α1-AR FL Gαq SPASM	Malik RU et al. Sci Rep 2017	FRET	α1-AR | mCitrine | ER/K linker | mCerulean | FL Gαq	binding
α2A-AR
dLight
A2AR-dLight	Patriarchi T et al. Science 2018	Intensity	HA secretory sequence | Flag-tag | alpha 2 AR N terminal | cpGFP | alpha 2 AR C terminal	binding
α2-AR SPASM
α2-AR FL Gαi SPASM	Malik RU et al. Sci Rep 2017	FRET	α2-AR | mCitrine | ER/K linker | mCerulean | FL Gαi	binding
α2-AR FL Gαs SPASM	Malik RU et al. Sci Rep 2017	FRET	α2-AR | mCitrine | ER/K linker | mCerulean | FL Gαs	binding
α2A-AR + labeled G protein
α2A-YFP + CFP-Ggamma2	Hein P et al. EMBO J 2005	FRET	α2A AR|YFP||CFP|Ggamma2	binding
α2A-AR-Venus + RLuc-Ggamma2	Galés C et al. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2006	BRET	α2A-AR | Linker | Venus || Rluc | Linker | G gamma 2	binding
α2A-AR-Venus + G alpha i1 - 91Rluc	Galés C et al. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2006	BRET	α2A-AR | Linker | Venus || G alpha i1 (1-91) | Rluc | Linker | G alpha i1 (92-end)	binding
α2A-AR-Venus + G alpha i1 - 122Rluc	Galés C et al. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2006	BRET	α2A-AR | Linker | Venus || G alpha i1 (1-122) | Rluc | Linker | G alpha i1 (123-end)	binding
α2A-AR activation sensor
α2A-AR-cam	Vilardaga JP et al. Nat Biotechnol 2003	FRET	α2A-AR 1-250 | YFP | α2A-AR 371-461 | CFP	binding
JNK
dJUN-FRET
dJUN-FRET	Bakal C et al. Science 2008	FRET	CFP | Drosophilia JUN phosphorylation domain | FHA | YFP	phosphorylation	Used in high throughput RNAi screen
JNK-KTR
JNK-KTR	Regot S et al. Cell 2014	Translocation	Jun(29-57)|NLS|NES|(X)FP	phosphorylation
JNKAR
JNKAR1	Fosbrink M et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010	FRET	ECFP|FHA1|JDP2-based substrate sequence| JDP2 docking domain|Citrine	phosphorylation
JNKAR1EV	Komatsu N et al. Mol Biol Cell 2011	FRET	YPet | FHA1 | EV linker | JNK substrate | ECFP | NES	phosphorylation
bimJNKAR	Depry C et al. Chem Biol 2015	FRET	Cerulean|FHA1|NES || JNK substrate + docking domain | YPet|NES	phosphorylation
NIR JNKAR	Shcherbakova DM et al. Nat Chem Biol 2018	FRET	miRFP670 | FHA1 | EV linker | JNK substrate | miRFP720 | NES	phosphorylation
JuCKY
JuCKY	0	FRET	CFP| FHA2 | Jnk Binding Domain | Jnk Substrate | YFP	phosphorylation	http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10610278.2010.484864 No pubmed listing
K+
GEPII
GEPII 1.0	Bischof H et al. Nat Commun 2017	FRET	mseCFP | Kbp K+ binding BON domain | Kbp Lysine motif | cpVenus	binding	Affinity variants also developed
KIRIN1	Shen Y et al. Commun Biol 2019	FRET	mCerulean3 | Kbp BON | Kbp LysM | cp173Venus	binding
KIRIN1-GR	Shen Y et al. Commun Biol 2019	FRET	Clover | Kbp BON | Kbp LysM | mRuby2	binding
GINKO
GINKO1	Shen Y et al. Commun Biol 2019	Intensity	EGFP-N | Kbp BON | Kbp LysM | EGFP-C	binding
GINKO2	Wu SY et al. PLoS Biol 2022	Intensity	EGFP-N|Bon|LysM|EGFP-C	binding
KRaION1	Torres Cabán CC et al. ACS Sens 2022	Intensity	mNG-N|Bon|LysM|mNG-C	binding
K27H3 methlytransferase
K27 Reporter
K27 Reporter	Lin CW et al. J Am Chem Soc 2004	FRET	CFP | HP1 Chromo | Linker | H3 Peptide (K27)| YFP	other
K9H3 methyltransferase
K9 Reporter
K9 Reporter	Lin CW et al. J Am Chem Soc 2004	FRET	CFP | HP1 Chromo | Linker | H3 Peptide (K9)| YFP	other
H3K9me3 Biosensor	Peng Q et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018	FRET	YPet | chromodomain of heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1 21-76) | EV linker | ECFP | Histone H3	other	Uses full length H3, A color variant with FRed and LOrange was also developed
kappa-opioid receptor
dLight
KOR-dLight	Patriarchi T et al. Science 2018	Intensity	HA secretory sequence | Flag-tag | OPRK1 N terminal | cpGFP | OPRK1 C terminal	binding
Kss1
Ste7-SKARS
Ste7-SKARS	Durandau E et al. BMC Biol 2015	Translocation	Ste7(1-33)|NLS|NLS|mCherry	phosphorylation
Lactate
Laconic
Laconic	San Martín A et al. PLoS One 2013	FRET	mTFP | full-length LldR from E. coli | Venus	binding
LATS
LATS-BS
LATS-BS	Azad T et al. Nat Commun 2018	Bioluminescence	NLuc | GGAGG Linker | YAP15 (PQHVRAHSSPASLQL) || 14-3-3 | Linker (GGSGG)x2 | CLuc	phosphorylation
LCACoAs
LACSer sensor
LACSer	Wang J et al. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021	Ratiometric	FadR (1-91)| SAG Linker | cpYFP | GT linker | FadR(92-239)	binding
Lck
Lck Activation sensor
CLckY-2	Paster W et al. J Immunol 2009	FRET	Unique domain | SH3 | ECFP | SH2 | Kinase domain| C tail | EYFP	phosphorylation	Lck Activation
Ln3+
LaMP
LaMP1	Mattocks JA et al. J Am Chem Soc 2019	FRET	ECFP, citrine, lanmodulin	binding
M1R
M1R Activation Sensor
M1R-EYFP-Cerulean	Jensen JB et al. J Gen Physiol 2009	FRET	M1R 1-223 | EYFP | M1R 358-460 | Cerulean	binding
M3R
Receptor Conformation Sensor
hM3R-YFP-CFP	Kim YS et al. Nat Commun 2023	FRET	hM3R|YFP|CFP	binding
malonyl-CoA
FapR-NLuc
FapR-NLuc	Du Y et al. Bioconjug Chem 2019	Bioluminescence	large NLuc subunit | FapR | small NLuc subunit	binding	Also created subcellular targeted versions: cytosolic, nuclear, ER, Mitochondrial, Golgi Apparatus
maltose
FLIPmal
FLIPmal-Y Series	Fehr M et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002	FRET	ECFP | malE (79-1188) | EYFP	binding	Y = maltose affinity
FLIPmal-Y delta1	Kaper T et al. Biotechnol Biofuels 2008	FRET	truncated eCFP | malE | ctcgag linker | eYFP	binding	Y = maltose affinity
GFP2-MBP-RLuc2	Dacres H et al. Biosens Bioelectron 2013	BRET	GFP^2 | malE (79-1188) | RLuc2	binding
MBP
PPYF-green	Marvin JS et al. Proteins 2011	Intensity	MBP 1-165 | PP Linker | cpGFP (H48Y,Y151F) | GG Linker | MBP 166-end	binding
MAPK or MK2
GMB
GMB	Neininger A et al. EMBO Rep 2001	FRET	EGFP | MK2 | EBFP	phosphorylation
MARK
MARK sensor
MARK-AR1	Timm T et al. J Biol Chem 2011	FRET	H | ECFP | 14-3-3 | S | Citrine	phosphorylation
Matriptase
ddFP-based
ddRFP-matriptase	Mitchell AC et al. ACS Chem Biol 2018	Intensity	ddRFP-A|matriptase cleavage|ddRFP-B	other
Mechanical Strain
HP35
HP35-TS	Austen K et al. Nat Cell Biol 2015	FRET	YPet | villin headpiece peptide (HP35) | mCherry	other	7 pN transition
HP35st-TS	Austen K et al. Nat Cell Biol 2015	FRET	YPet | villin headpiece peptide stable mutant (HP35st) | mCherry	other	10 pN transition
PriSSM
PriSSM	Iwai S and Uyeda TQ Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008	Excitation Ratiometric	GFP | Linker (AS(GGS)x9) | cp174GFP	other	Proximity Imaging (PRIM)
stFRET
stFRET	Meng F et al. FEBS J 2008	FRET	Cerulean | alpha helix | mVenus	other
cpstFRET	Meng F and Sachs F J Cell Sci 2012	FRET	cpCerulean 174 | Short Linker | cpVenus 174	other
sstFRET	Meng F and Sachs F J Cell Sci 2011	FRET	Cerulean | spectrin repeats | Venus	other
TSMod
TSMod	Grashoff C et al. Nature 2010	FRET	mTFP | elastic linker (GPGGA)x8 | venus	other
TSMod F25	Brenner MD et al. Nano Lett 2016	FRET	mTFP | elastic linker (GPGGA)x5 | venus	other
VinTS	Brenner MD et al. Nano Lett 2016	FRET	full-length vinculin split (Vh)| mTFP1 | linker | mVenus | full-length vinculin split (Vt)	other
VinTL	Brenner MD et al. Nano Lett 2016	FRET	tail-less vinculin (Vh) | mTFP1 | mVenus	other
FL-TSM	Ringer P et al. Nat Methods 2017	FRET	YPet | Ferredoxin-like peptide |mCherry	other
Mg2+
MagFRET
MagFRET-1	Lindenburg LH et al. PLoS One 2013	FRET	Cerulean | HsCen3 (23–98) | Citrine	binding	Kd for Mg2+ 150 uM Kd for Ca2+ 10 uM
MARIO	Maeshima K et al. Curr Biol 2018	FRET	ECFP|CorA-CD|Venus	binding
MagIC
MagIC	Koldenkova VP et al. J Biomed Opt 2015	Ratiometric	cp173Venus mutant | mCherry	binding	mCherry is used as a Mg2+-insensitive reference. Kd (Mg2+) = 5.1 mM; Kd (Ca2+) = 4.8 mM. Plasmid requests to Prof. Takeharu Nagai (Osaka University, https://www.sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/bse/)
MLKL
SMART
mSMART	Murai S et al. Nat Commun 2018	FRET	YPet | mMLKL alpha helix 1 | SAGG linker | mMLKL alpha helix 2 | SAGG linker | mMLKL alpha helix 3-4 | ECFP	binding	Senses MLKL oligomerization. works in murine cells but not human cells. For human cells see hSMART
hSMART	Murai S et al. Nat Commun 2018	FRET	YPet | hMLKL alpha helix 1 | SAGG linker | hMLKL alpha helix 2 | SAGG linker | hMLKL alpha helix 3-5 | ECFP	binding	Senses MLKL oligomerization. Works in human cells. For mouse cells see mSMART
Mn2+
MnLaMP
MnLaMP1	Park J et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022	FRET	ECFP|MnLanM|Citrine	binding
MnLaMP2	Park J et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022	FRET	ECFP|X4GMnLanM|Citrine	binding
Molecular crowding
CrGE
CrGE	Boersma AJ et al. Nat Methods 2015	FRET	mCerulean | flexible domain | mCitrine	other
CrGE2.3	Mouton SN et al. Elife 2020	FRET	mEGFP | flexible linker from CrGE | mScarlet-I	other
CRONOS	Miyagi T et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021	FRET	mNeonGreen | flexible domain from CrGE | mScarlet-I	other
Crowding sensor
Crowding sensor	Boersma AJ et al. Nat Methods 2015	FRET	Cerulean | (GSG)6 Linker | A(EAAAK)6A| (GSG)6 | A(EAAAK)6A | (GSG)6 | Citrine	other
Mpk1
Mkk2-SKARS
Mkk2-SKARS	Durandau E et al. BMC Biol 2015	Translocation	Mkk2|NLS|NLS|mCherry	phosphorylation
Mpro
BRET-based
mNG-Mpro-NLuc	Geethakumari AM et al. Commun Chem 2022	BRET	mNG|Mpro cleavage|NLuc	other
Flip-GFP
FlipGFP (MPro cleavage seq)	Li X et al. PLoS Pathog 2021	Intensity	Beta-10|E5|Beta-11|MPro cleavage sequence|K5||Beta 1-9	other
MT1-MMP
MT1-MMP Biosensor
MT1-MMP Biosensor	Ouyang M et al. J Biol Chem 2008	FRET	YPet | MT1-MMP substrate peptide CPKESCNLFVLKD | ECFP	other	Irreversable
MT1-MMP Biosensor (mCherry/mOrange2)	Ouyang M et al. Cancer Res 2010	FRET	mCherry | MT1-MMP substrate peptide CPKESCNLFVLKD | mOrange2	other	for multiplexing with C/Y fret probes
MT2
dLight
MT2-dLight	Patriarchi T et al. Science 2018	Intensity	HA secretory sequence | Flag-tag | Melatonin Type-2 Receptor N terminal | cpGFP | Melatonin Type-2 Receptor C terminal	binding
mTORC1
TORCAR
TORCAR	Zhou X et al. Cell Rep 2015	FRET	Cerulean|Full 4EBP1|YPet	phosphorylation
mu-opioid receptor
dLight
MOR-dLight	Patriarchi T et al. Science 2018	Intensity	HA secretory sequence | Flag-tag | OPRM1 N terminal | cpGFP | OPRM1 C terminal	binding
N-WASP
N-WASP BS
N-WASP BS	Lorenz M et al. Curr Biol 2004	FRET	CFP | N-WASP | YFP	binding
NAD+
NAD+ Biosensor
NAD+ Biosensor	Cambronne XA et al. Science 2016	Intensity	LigA domain 1b | cpVenus | Linker | LigA domain 1a	binding	Absolute NAD+ biosensor
NAD-Snifit
NAD-Snifit	Sallin O et al. Elife 2018	FRET	Sepiapterin reductase (SPR) A41D, R42W | HaloTag labeled with Siliconrhodamine | Proline30 linker | SNAP-Tag labeled with Tetramethylrhodamine-Sulfamethoxazole	binding	Mutations in SPR converts specificity from NADP to NAD
NAD+/NADH Ratio
Peredox
Peredox	Hung YP et al. Cell Metab 2011	Ratiometric	T-Rex|cpmT-Sapphire|T-Rex|mCherry	binding	Peredox changes its fluorescence intensity and also its fluorescence lifetime; when paired with mCherry, it can be used with a ratiometric readout
SoNar
SoNar	Zhao Y et al. Cell Metab 2015	Excitation Ratiometric	T-Rex (78-189) | SAG Linker | cpYFP | G Linker | T-Rex (190-211)	binding	NAD+/NADH ratio
T-Rex Based
RexYFP	Bilan DS et al. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014	Intensity	T-Rex (1-79)| SAG Linker | cpYFP (L169P, Y175N, D313G)|GT Linker | T-Rex (80-211)	binding	NAD+/NADH ratio
NADH
Frex
Frex	Zhao Y et al. Cell Metab 2011	Intensity	B. subtilis Rex (1-84)| Rex (85-215) | cpYFP | Rex (85-215)	binding
FrexH	Zhao Y et al. Cell Metab 2011	Intensity	B. subtilis Rex (1-84)| Rex (85-215) | cpYFP | Rex (85-215)	binding
NADP+
Apollo-NADP+
Apollo-NADP+	Cameron WD et al. Nat Methods 2016	FRET	G6PD | Venus || G6PD | Venus	binding	Homo-FRET Measures NADP+
NADPsor
NADPsor	Zhao FL et al. Biosens Bioelectron 2016	FRET	CFP | mature length KPR domain | YFP	binding	specifically measures NADP+
NADP+:NADPH Ratio
NADP-Snifit
NADP-Snifit	Sallin O et al. Elife 2018	FRET	Sepiapterin reductase (SPR) | HaloTag labeled with Siliconrhodamine | Proline30 linker | SNAP-Tag labeled with Tetramethylrhodamine-Sulfamethoxazole |	binding	Also created a version with HaloTag replaced with EGFP in the supplement of 29809136
NADPH
iNap
iNap1	Tao R et al. Nat Methods 2017	Excitation Ratiometric	T-Rex (78-189) SRSAQ pos 112-116 | SAG Linker | cpYFP | G Linker | T-Rex (190-211)	binding	Kd NADPH 2.0 uM
iNap1	Tao R et al. Nat Methods 2017	Excitation Ratiometric	T-Rex (78-189) SRSAQ pos 112-116 | SAG Linker | cpYFP | G Linker | T-Rex (190-211)	binding	Kd NADPH 2.0 uM
iNap2	Tao R et al. Nat Methods 2017	Excitation Ratiometric	T-Rex (78-189) SRSAE pos 112-116 + V130T | SAG Linker | cpYFP | G Linker | T-Rex (190-211)	binding	Kd NADPH 6.4 uM
iNap3	Tao R et al. Nat Methods 2017	Excitation Ratiometric	T-Rex (78-189) SRKAE pos 112-116 + V130Y | SAG Linker | cpYFP | G Linker | T-Rex (190-211)	binding	Kd NADPH 25.2 uM
Semi-synthetic BRET Sensor
SNAP-P30-[cpNLuc inserted]eDHFR	Yu Q et al. Science 2018	BRET	SNAP labeled with TMP-Cy3-benzylguanine (BG) | 30P linker | eDHFR N Term | NLuc | eDHFR C Term	binding	Semi-synthetic Used for paper-based assay.
NE
NE CNiFER
α1A CNiFER	Muller A et al. Nat Methods 2014	FRET	α1A GPCR || TN-XXL Ca2+Biosensor	binding	Co-expressed in a cell and co-cultured or implanted with neurons.
Nicotine
iNicSnFR
iNicSnFR3a	Shivange AV et al. J Gen Physiol 2019	Intensity	His tag | HA tag | GAQPARS | OpuBC 30-106 + 4 mutations | FPEP linker | GFP 149-238 | GGTGGS linker | GFP1-145 | PPPS linker | OpuBC 107-305 (+11 mutations) | Myc Tag	binding
NO
FRET-MT
FRET-MT	Pearce LL et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000	FRET	ECFP | hMTIIa | EYFP	other
geNOps
geNOps	Eroglu E et al. Nat Commun 2016	Intensity	Fluorescent Protein and NO binding GAF domain	binding
sGC based NO biosensor
NOA-1	Sato M et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005	FRET	flag| sGC alpha | Linker | CFP | PKG 1alpha delta 1-47 | YFP || flag| sGC beta | Linker | CFP | PKG 1alpha delta 1-47 | YFP	other
Piccell	Sato M et al. Anal Chem 2006	FRET	sGC alpha || sGC beta || CGY-del1	other	NO stimulates the soluble guanaylyl cyclase to release cGMP which then CGY-del1 reports
O2
dUnOHR hypoxia-reoxygenation sensor
dUnOHR hypoxia-reoxygenation sensor	Erapaneedi R et al. EMBO J 2016	Intensity	hypoxia-responsive promoter (not translated)| UnaG | mOrange | PEST	other	mOrange does not mature without oxygen but UnaG does
FluBO
FluBO	Potzkei J et al. BMC Biol 2012	FRET	YFP | Linker | FbFP	other
ODR-10
OGOR
OGOR	Dacres H et al. Biosens Bioelectron 2011	BRET	Ogr-10 (1-240) | GFP^2 | Ogr-10 (241-end) | RLuc	binding
OGT
O-GlcNAc Sensor
O-GlcNAc Sensor	Carrillo LD et al. J Am Chem Soc 2006	FRET	CFP|GafD|Linker|CSKII substrate|Venus	other
OHP
OHSer
OHSer	Zhao BS et al. J Am Chem Soc 2010	Intensity	OhrR N' | Xc-OhrR alpha5a | cpVenus 173 | Xc-OhrR alpha5b | OhrR C'	other
ONOO-
pnGFP
pnGFP	Chen ZJ et al. J Am Chem Soc 2013	Intensity	cpsGFP - Tyr66pBoF + random mutagenisis	other	Requires orthogonal aminoacyltRNA and synthase to incode pBoF (p-boronophenylalanine)
opsin
opsin SPASM
opsin-Gα SPASM	Malik RU et al. J Biol Chem 2013	FRET	opsin | mCitrine | ER/K linker | mCerulean | Gαs 27AA peptide	binding
Orexin Neuropeptide
dLight : Orexin
OxLight1	Duffet L et al. Nat Methods 2022	Intensity	OX2R(1-254)|cpGFP|OX2R(294-444)	binding
Oxytocin
GRAB-OT
GRAB-OT1.0	Qian T et al. Nat Biotechnol 2023	Intensity	OTR|TM5|cpEGFP|TM6|OTR	binding
p38
p38 activity reporter
p38 activity reporter	Tomida T et al. Nat Commun 2015	FRET	YPet | WW domain | p38 peptide substrate MEF2A(D)/c-jun delta D | SECFP | NES	phosphorylation
p38-KTR
p38-KTR	Regot S et al. Cell 2014	Translocation	Mef2C(251-285)|bNLS|NES|(X)FP	phosphorylation
mKO-MK2	Miura H et al. Cell Rep 2018	Translocation	MK2 (MAPKAPK2)	phosphorylation	A full-length MK2 fused to fluorescent proteins outperforms the original p38-KTR in terms of the increased C:N ratio.
PA
Pii
Pii-DK	Nishioka T et al. J Biol Chem 2010	FRET	CFP | C-Terminal PA binding domain of DOCK2| YFP | K-Ras4B CT	binding
PAK1
Pakabi
Pakabi	Parrini MC et al. J Biol Chem 2009	FRET	YFP | PAK1 | CFP	binding
PDGFR
PDGFR Biosensor
PDGFR Biosensor	Seong J et al. Sci Rep 2017	FRET	ECFP | SH2 | Linker | PDGFR Substrate | YPet	phosphorylation
PDK1
PARE
PARE	Gao X et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011	FRET	ECFP | PDK1|Citrine	phosphorylation
pH
deGFP
deGFP family	Hanson GT et al. Biochemistry 2002	Emission Ratiometric	GFP with mutations	other
Dendra
Dendra2	Pakhomov AA et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017	Ratiometric	Dendra2	other	Green to red intensity ratio after photoconversion
Dual pH and Cl sensor
ClopHensor	Arosio D et al. Nat Methods 2010	Ratiometric	E^2GFP|DsRed	other	Also senses Cl-
E^xGFP
E^2GFP	Bizzarri R et al. Biophys J 2006	Ratiometric	GFP F64L/S65T/T203Y/L231H	other
E^1GFP	Arosio D et al. Biophys J 2007	Ratiometric	GFP F64L/T203Y/L231H	other
FluBpH
FluBpH 5.7	Rupprecht C et al. J Biotechnol 2017	FRET	EcFbFP | Citrine	other
FluBpH 6.1	Rupprecht C et al. J Biotechnol 2017	FRET	EcFbFP | EYFP	other
FluBpH 7.5	Rupprecht C et al. J Biotechnol 2017	FRET	EcFbFP | EYFP H148G	other
mtAlpHi
mtAlpHi	Abad MF et al. J Biol Chem 2004	Intensity	Replaced CaM in Camgaroo with aequorin fragment	other
Native FP pH Sensitivity
EGFP	Kneen M et al. Biophys J 1998	Intensity	EGFP	other
EYFP	Llopis J et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998	Intensity	EYFP	other
mNect	Johnson DE et al. J Biol Chem 2009	Intensity	mNectarine | hCNT3	other
CFP-YFP pH FRET	Hellwig N et al. J Biol Chem 2004	FRET	CFP|YFP	other
pHVenus	Tojima T et al. Nat Neurosci 2007	Intensity	Venus + mutations	other
FIRE-pHLy	Chin MY et al. ACS Sens 2021	Emission Ratiometric	mTFP1 | LAMP1 |mCherry	other	mTFP1 to mCherry emission ratio
pH-Lemon	Burgstaller S et al. ACS Sens 2019	FRET	mTurquoise2|linker|EYFP	other
pHLIM	Rennick JJ et al. Nat Commun 2022	FLIM	mApple	other
pHaROS
pHaROS	Zhao H et al. J Biol Chem 2019	Excitation Ratiometric	iLOV domain|mBeRFP	other	ratio of green and red fluroescence intensities upon excitation by 488 or 561nm
pHaROS-red	Zhao H et al. J Biol Chem 2019	Excitation Ratiometric	iLOV domain|pHRed	other	pH sensitivity in the alkaline range, ratio of green and red fluroescence intensities upon excitation by 488 or 561nm
GRX1-pHaROS	Zhao H et al. J Biol Chem 2019	Excitation Ratiometric	GRX1 protein|iLOV domain|meBFP	other	ratio of green and red fluroescence intensities upon excitation by 488 or 561nm
pHCEC
pHCECSensor01	Urra J et al. Pflugers Arch 2008	Ratiometric	ECFP | EYFP | PDGFR Trans Membrane domain | AQP4 C-terminus	other	Extracellular pH
pHluorins
Ecliptic-pHluorin	Miesenböck G et al. Nature 1998	Intensity	GFP (V163A, S175G, S147D, N149Q, T161I, S202F, Q204T and A206T)	other
ratiometric-pHluorin	Miesenböck G et al. Nature 1998	Excitation Ratiometric	GFP (202H E132D, S147E, N149L, N164I, K166Q, I167V, R168H L220F)	other
Superecliptic-pHluorin	Sankaranarayanan S et al. Biophys J 2000	Intensity	ecliptic GFP with F64L and S65T	other
pHluorin2	Mahon MJ Adv Biosci Biotechnol 2011	Excitation Ratiometric	pHluorin with mammalianized codons and F64L	other
pH-Lemon	Burgstaller S et al. ACS Sens 2019	FRET	mTurquoise2| EYFP	other
(RpH)-LAMP1-3xFLAG	Ponsford AH et al. Autophagy 2020	Excitation Ratiometric	3x-FLAG | LAMP1 | ratiometric pHluorin | mCherry	other
ER-sfpHluorin	Reifenrath M and Boles E Sci Rep 2018	Excitation Ratiometric	sfpHluorin	other	Ratio of 512 emission at 390 or 470 excitation
pHRed
pHRed	Tantama M et al. J Am Chem Soc 2011	Excitation Ratiometric	mKeima A213S	other
mCherryEA	Rajendran M et al. ACS Omega 2018	Excitation Ratiometric	I158E/Q160A mCherry	other
pHTomato
syHTomato	Li Y and Tsien RW Nat Neurosci 2012	Intensity	synaptophysin | pHTomato	other
pHuji
pHuji	Shen Y et al. J Cell Biol 2014	Intensity	mApple K163K	other
pHusion
pHusion	Gjetting KS et al. J Exp Bot 2012	Ratiometric	mRFP1| linker | EGFP	other	Used in Plants. mRFP1 serves as a pH insensitive FP to make ratiometric
SRpHi
SRpHi1	Richardson DS et al. Nat Commun 2017	Ratiometric	TAT peptide | EYFP | organic dye	other	TAT-FP fusion can be purified via GST tag. After GST cleavage, protein product is conjugated to STAR 410 or 512 dye (Abberior). Sensor is compatible with STED super-resolution microscopy.
SRpHi2	Richardson DS et al. Nat Commun 2017	Ratiometric	TAT peptide | EGFP | organic dye	other	TAT-FP fusion can be purified via GST tag. After GST cleavage, protein product is conjugated to STAR 410 or 512 dye (Abberior). Sensor is compatible with STED super-resolution microscopy.
SRpHi3	Richardson DS et al. Nat Commun 2017	Ratiometric	TAT peptide | sepHluorin | organic dye	other	TAT-FP fusion can be purified via GST tag. After GST cleavage, protein product is conjugated to STAR 410 or 512 dye (Abberior). Sensor is compatible with STED super-resolution microscopy.
SypHer
SypHer	Poburko D et al. J Biol Chem 2011	Intensity	OxyR-RD(81-205) | cpYFP (cp144) | OxyR-RD(206-310) C199S	other
SypHer3s	Ermakova YG et al. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018	Excitation Ratiometric	OxyR-RD(81-205) Q197L |cpYFP (cp144) Y145F, D129G | OxyR-RD(206-310) C199S	other
SypHer-2	Matlashov ME et al. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015	Excitation Ratiometric	HyPer-2 C199S	other
XFpH
GFpH	Awaji T et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001	FRET	GFP|GFPuv	other
YFpH	Awaji T et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001	FRET	EYFP|GFPuv	other
Phosphate
FLIPPi
FLIPPi-30m	Gu H et al. FEBS Lett 2006	FRET	eCFP(-9 AA truncation)	binding
FLIPPi-5mu	Gu H et al. FEBS Lett 2006	FRET	eCFP| Pi Binding Protein (PiBP) (S52A) | Venus	binding
PI(3)P
GFP-FYVE
GFP-EEA1 (FYVE)	Burd CG and Emr SD Mol Cell 1998	Translocation	GFP| human EEA1 FYVE domain (1257–1411)	binding
GFP-Pib1p	Burd CG and Emr SD Mol Cell 1998	Translocation	GFP | Pib1p	binding
GFP-FYVE (FENS-1)	Ellson CD et al. Curr Biol 2001	Translocation	GFP | FYVE domain from endosomal protein FENS-1	binding
GFP-PX
GFP-PX	Ellson CD et al. Curr Biol 2001	Translocation	GFP | PX domain of the oxidase component p40^(phox)	binding
PI(3,4)P2
cPHx3
NES-EGFP-cPHx3	Goulden BD et al. J Cell Biol 2019	Localization	NES | EGFP | cPH | cPH | cPH	binding	A mCherry version is also available addgene #116862
Pippi-PI(3,4)P2
Pippi-PI(3,4)P2	Yoshizaki H et al. Biochem Soc Trans 2006	FRET	CFP | TAPP1 PH domain| YFP | KRasCT |	binding
PI(3,5)P2
GFP-MLN1
GFP-MLN1	Li X et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013	Translocation	GFP|MLN1|MLN1	binding
PI(4)P
BRET PI(4)P sensors
OSH2-2xPH	Tóth JT et al. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016	BRET	Lck PM targeting seq | Venus || Luciferase | OSH2 PH | OSH2 PH	binding
SidM-2xP4M	Tóth JT et al. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016	BRET	Lck PM targeting seq | Venus || Luciferase | SidM-P4M | SidM-P4M	binding
Pippi
Pippi-PI(4)P	Nishioka T et al. Mol Biol Cell 2008	FRET	CFP 1-237 | linker | PH domain of FAPP1 (1-101) | Linker | YFP	binding
PI(4,5)P2
CAY
CAY	Cicchetti G et al. Biochemistry 2004	FRET	CFP| ActA 184-235 | YFP	binding	Also binds PI(3,4,5)P3 Kd=0.6 uM, PI(3,4)P2 and PI(4,5)P2 Kd= 1 uM, PI(3)P and PI(4)P Kd = 1.7 uM
CYPHR
CYPHR	Violin JD et al. J Cell Biol 2003	FRET	CFP| PLC delta PH domain | YFP	binding
ENTH-GFP
ENTH-GFP	Leitner MG et al. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019	Localization	Epsin 1 N-terminal homology domain | GFP	binding
FP-Tubby
FP-Tubby	Santagata S et al. Science 2001	Translocation	GFP|Tubby	binding
FPX PIP2 sensor
FPX PIP2 sensor	Ding Y et al. Nat Methods 2015	Ratiometric	RA| PH domain || B | PH domain || Free GA	binding
PH(PLCdelta)
PH(PLCdelta)-CFP/YFP	van der Wal J et al. J Biol Chem 2001	FRET	PH PLC delta|CFP +PH PLC delta|YFP	binding
GFP-PH	Stauffer TP et al. Curr Biol 1998	Translocation	GFP|PH(PLCdelta1)	binding
PH(PLCdelta) - GFP	Várnai P and Balla T J Cell Biol 1998	Translocation	PH domain from PLC delta 1 | GFP	binding
Pippi-PI(4,5)P2
Pippi-PI(4,5)P2	Nishioka T et al. Mol Biol Cell 2008	FRET	KRAS 4B | YFP | PLC delta PH domain | CFP	binding
R-PRE
R-PRE	Yeung T et al. Science 2006	Translocation		binding	I put PI(4,5)P2 as biosensor targetn because i didn't have the option to add a new target category. Here this sensor senses membrane electrostatic properties. It would be great if we could have the option to add new target, if you want other people to help you update the list. For example I have in mind a whole set of biosensors to explore membrane physicochemical properties that i could add here.
PIP3
FLLIP
FLLIP	Sato M et al. Nat Cell Biol 2003	FRET	CFP | PH domain from GRP1 which selectively binds PtdInsP3 | YFP | alpha-helical linkers consisting of repeated EAAAR sequences | Membrane localization sequence	binding
InPAkt
InPAkt	Ananthanarayanan B et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005	FRET	CFP | PH AKT | Pseudoligand | YFP	binding
Labeled PH domains
PH(GRP1)-GFP	Gray A et al. Biochem J 1999	Translocation	EGFP | mouse GRP1 263-380	binding
PH(PKB)-GFP	Gray A et al. Biochem J 1999	Translocation	AA 1-250 of PKB alpha | EGFP	binding	Also senses PI(3,4)P2
PIP3 BRET sensor
PIP3 BRET sensor	Pierre-Eugene C et al. PLoS One 2012	BRET	Luc | AKT PH domain || YFP | neuromodulin membrane localization seq	binding
PKA
AKAR
AKAR1	Zhang J et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001	FRET	Cyan | 14-3-3 | PKA substrate | YFP	phosphorylation
AKAR3	Allen MD and Zhang J Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006	FRET	ECFP1-227 | FHA1 | PKA sub | 174Venus172	phosphorylation
Lyn-AKAR3	Allen MD and Zhang J Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006	FRET	Lyn| ECFP1-227 | FHA1 | PKA sub | cpVenus E172	phosphorylation
AKAR3-NES	Allen MD and Zhang J Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006	FRET	ECFP1-227 | FHA1 | PKA sub | 174Venus172 | NES	phosphorylation
DAKAP-AKAR3	Allen MD and Zhang J Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006	FRET	DAKAP1 (n terminal targeting motif) | ECFP1-227 | FHA1 | PKA sub | 174Venus172	phosphorylation
AKAR2	Zhang J et al. Nature 2005	FRET	ECFP (1-227) | FHA1 | PKA substrate | Citrine	phosphorylation
CRY-AKAR	Allen MD and Zhang J Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008	FRET	Cerulean|FHA1|PKA substrate|mCherry|mVenus	phosphorylation
AKAR-GR	Ni Q et al. Nat Chem Biol 2011	FRET	eGFP|FHA1(22-162)|PKA Susbtrate|mCherry	phosphorylation
ICUPID	Ni Q et al. Nat Chem Biol 2011	FRET	CFP|FHA1|PKA substrate | mCherry | Epac1|YFP	phosphorylation
AKAR4	Depry C et al. Mol Biosyst 2011	FRET	Cerulean | FHA1 | PKA substrate | cpVenus	phosphorylation
Lyn-AKAR4	Depry C et al. Mol Biosyst 2011	FRET	Lyn|Cerulean | FHA1 | PKA substrate | cpVenus	phosphorylation
AKAR4-KRAS	Depry C et al. Mol Biosyst 2011	FRET	Cerulean | FHA1 | PKA substrate | cpVenus|Kras	phosphorylation
cytoAKAR4	Depry C et al. Mol Biosyst 2011	FRET	Cerulean | FHA1 | PKA substrate | cpVenus|NES	phosphorylation
erAKAR4	Depry C et al. Mol Biosyst 2011	FRET	CYP450|Cerulean | FHA1 | PKA substrate | cpVenus	phosphorylation
AKAR3EV	Komatsu N et al. Mol Biol Cell 2011	FRET	YPet | FHA1 | EV linker | PKA substrate (LRRATLVD) | ECFP | NES	phosphorylation
AKAR^dual	Demeautis C et al. Sci Rep 2017	FLIM	LSSmOrg | FHA1 | PKA Substrate | mKate 2	phosphorylation	For multiplexing with EKAR^dual
bimAKAR	Herbst KJ et al. J Am Chem Soc 2011	FRET	Cerulean|FHA1|NES||PKA Substrate|YPet | NES	phosphorylation
LumAKAR	Herbst KJ et al. J Am Chem Soc 2011	Bioluminescence	RLuc8C | FHA1 | NES || mCherry | PKA Substrate | RLuc8N | NES	phosphorylation
AKAR4.1	Tao W et al. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015	FRET	mTurquose | FHA1 | PKA substrate sequence | cpVenus	phosphorylation	Optimized for 2p imaging
AKAR-CR	Lam AJ et al. Nat Methods 2012	FRET	Clover | FHA1 | PKA substrate | mRuby2	phosphorylation
FLIM-AKAR	Chen Y et al. Front Pharmacol 2014	FLIM-FRET	mEGFP truncated | FHA1 | PKA substrate | cpsREACh	phosphorylation	2pFLIM, also single color due to cpsREACh
AKAR5	Tillo SE et al. Cell Rep 2017	FLIM-FRET	monomeric EGFP | FHA1 | PKA substrate | sREACh	phosphorylation
NIR AKAR	Shcherbakova DM et al. Nat Chem Biol 2018	FRET	miRFP670 | FHA1 | EV linker | PKA substrate (LRRATLVD) | miRFP720 | NES	phosphorylation
AKARet	Tang S and Yasuda R Neuron 2017	FLIM-FRET	sREAChet [sREACh S208F/R223F/V224L] | FHA1 | EV Linker | PKA Sub. | EGFP	phosphorylation
ExRai-AKAR	Mehta S et al. Nat Cell Biol 2018	Excitation Ratiometric	PKA substrate | cpEGFP | FHA1	phosphorylation
sapphireAKAR	Mehta S et al. Nat Cell Biol 2018	Intensity	PKA substrate | cp-T-sapphire | FHA1	phosphorylation
blueAKAR	Mehta S et al. Nat Cell Biol 2018	Intensity	PKA substrate | cpBFP | FHA1	phosphorylation
RAB-AKARev	Mehta S et al. Nat Cell Biol 2018	Intensity	RFP-A | FHA1 | Eevee linker | PKA substrate | RFP-B	phosphorylation
VcpV FLARE AKAR	Ross BL et al. Elife 2018	FRET	Venus | FHA1 | PKAsub | cp172Venus	phosphorylation	FLARE, homoFRET, anisotropy based sensor
VV FLARE AKAR	Ross BL et al. Elife 2018	FRET	mVenus | FHA1 | PKAsub | mVenus	phosphorylation	FLARE, homoFRET, anisotropy based sensor
mCh-mCh FLARE AKAR	Ross BL et al. Elife 2018	FRET	mCherry-FHA1-PKAsub-mCherry	phosphorylation	FLARE, homoFRET, anisotropy based sensor
C3C3 FLARE AKAR	Ross BL et al. Elife 2018	FRET	mCerulean3|FHA1|PKAsub|mCerulean3	phosphorylation
C3cpC3 FLARE AKAR	Ross BL et al. Elife 2018	FRET	mCerulean|FHA1|PKAsub|cp173Cerulean	phosphorylation	FLARE, homoFRET, anisotropy based sensor
Booster-PKA	Watabe T et al. ACS Sens 2020	FRET	mKate2 | FHA1 | linker | mKOκ | PKA substrate (LRRATLVD) | NES	phosphorylation
GR-AKAR3	Mo GCH et al. Nat Commun 2020	FRET	EGFP | FHA1 | EV-linker | PKA substrate | stagRFP	phosphorylation	There is also a lyn-tagged version for expression at the plasma membrane
ExRai-AKAR2	Zhang JF et al. Nat Chem Biol 2020	Excitation Ratiometric	PKA substrate | (FC) cpEGFP (LL) | FHA1	phosphorylation
tAKAR alpha	Ma L et al. Neuron 2018	FLIM-FRET		phosphorylation
FluoSTEP-AKAR	Tenner B et al. Sci Adv 2021	FRET	mRuby2 | FHA1 | PKA substrate | GFP(1-10)	phosphorylation	Must be paired with a GFP11-tagged protein to reconstitute donor GFP.
ART
ART	Nagai Y et al. Nat Biotechnol 2000	FRET	RGFP | CREB Kinase Inducible Domain | BGFP	phosphorylation
FLINC-AKAR1
FLINC-AKAR1	Mo GC et al. Nat Methods 2017	FLINC	Dronpa| FHA1 | EV Linker | PKA substrate | TagRFP-T| CAAX	phosphorylation	Super-resolution with pcSOFI
DrFLINC-AKAR	Lin W et al. J Am Chem Soc 2021	FLINC	uDronpa|FHA1|PKAsub|TagRFP-T	phosphorylation
PKA-KTR
PKA-KTR	Regot S et al. Cell 2014	Translocation	HDAC8(1-35)|bNLS|NES|(X)FP	phosphorylation
RLuc-PCA PKA
RLuc-PCA PKA	Stefan E et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007	Bioluminescence	PKA R | linker | Rluc-F(1) || PKA C | Linker | Rluc-F(2)	binding	PKA activaiton sensor
Single Color PKA sensor
GAk	Bonnot A et al. FASEB J 2014	Intensity	GFP | FHA1 | PKA Substrate peptide	phosphorylation
PKC
CKAR
CKAR	Violin JD et al. J Cell Biol 2003	FRET		phosphorylation
ExRai-CKAR	Mehta S et al. Nat Cell Biol 2018	Excitation Ratiometric	PKC substrate|cpEGFP|FHA1	phosphorylation
sapphireCKAR	Mehta S et al. Nat Cell Biol 2018	Intensity	PKC substrate | cp-T-sapphire | FHA1	phosphorylation
blueCKAR	Mehta S et al. Nat Cell Biol 2018	Intensity	PKC substrate | cpBFP | FHA1	phosphorylation
aCKAR	Kajimoto T et al. Sci Signal 2019	FRET	CFP|FHA2|atypical PKC specific substrate|YFP	phosphorylation
deltaCKAR	Kajimoto T et al. J Biol Chem 2010	FRET	CFP|FHA2|delta PKC specific substrate|YFP	phosphorylation
Eevee-PKC
Eevee-PKC	Komatsu N et al. Mol Biol Cell 2011	FRET	PKC beta C1 domain | YPet | FHA1 | EV LInker | MARCS PKC substrate | ECFP | NES	phosphorylation
IDOCKS
IDOCKSalpha	Colgan LA et al. Nat Neurosci 2018	FLIM-FRET	PKCalpha | mEGFP || mCherry | 8 aa linker | mCherry | pseudosubstrate region from PKCalpha and PKCbeta (RFARKGALRQKNVHEVKN)	binding
IDOCKSbeta	Colgan LA et al. Nat Neurosci 2018	FLIM-FRET	PKCbetaII | mEGFP || mCherry | 8 aa linker | mCherry | pseudosubstrate region from PKCalpha and PKCbeta (RFARKGALRQKNVHEVKN)	binding
IDOCKSgamma	Colgan LA et al. Nat Neurosci 2018	FLIM-FRET	PKCgamma | mEGFP || mCherry | 8 aa linker | mCherry | pseudosubstrate region from PKCalpha and PKCbeta (RFARKGALRQKNVHEVKN)	binding
ITRACK
ITRACKalpha	Colgan LA et al. Nat Neurosci 2018	FLIM-FRET	mEGFP | PKCalpha (Bos taurus) || mCherry | CAAX	binding
ITRACKbeta	Colgan LA et al. Nat Neurosci 2018	FLIM-FRET	PKCbeta1(rat) | mEGFP || mCherry | CAAX	binding
ITRACKgamma	Colgan LA et al. Nat Neurosci 2018	FLIM-FRET	mEGFP | PKCgamma (mouse) || mCherry | CAAX	binding
KCP
KCP-1	Schleifenbaum A et al. J Am Chem Soc 2004	FRET	EYFP | Pleckstrin PH domain | Pleckstrin PKC substrate| Pleckstrin DEP domain | GFP	phosphorylation
KCP-2	Brumbaugh J et al. J Am Chem Soc 2006	FRET	EYFP | Pleckstrin PH domain | Pleckstrin PKC substrate| Pleckstrin DEP domain (18 amino acid truncation) | GFP	phosphorylation
KCAP-1	Brumbaugh J et al. J Am Chem Soc 2006	FRET	EYFP | Pleckstrin PH domain | Pleckstrin PKC substrate| Pleckstrin DEP domain (18 AA truncation| | Kemptide PKA sequence | GFP	phosphorylation	Also measures PKA activity, Increase in FRET = PKA phosphorylation, decrease in FRET = PKC phosporylation
PKD
DKAR
DKAR	Kunkel MT et al. J Biol Chem 2007	FRET	mCFP | FHA2 | PKD substrate | mYFP	phosphorylation
G-PKDrep
G-PKDrep	Fuchs YF et al. Traffic 2009	Ratiometric	EGFP | PI4KIIIβ (286-301) | p230 (2131-2221)	phosphorylation	Not a full genetically encoded fluorescent biosensor as an antibody has to added to it. Later made into in 21898831 (G-PKDrep Live)
G-PKDrep live	Eisler SA et al. Biotechnol J 2012	FRET	CFP | 14-3-3 | PKD substrate | cpVenus E172	phosphorylation
PKM2
PKAR
PKAR2.3	Merrins MJ et al. J Biol Chem 2013	FRET	Citrine|PKM2|cpCerulean3	other
PMCA
PMCA Activity Sensor
BFP-PMCA-GFP	Corradi GR and Adamo HP J Biol Chem 2007	FRET	BFP | hPMCA4xb | GFP	other
Pn
EcPhnD based
EcPhnD-cpGFP	Alicea I et al. J Mol Biol 2011	Intensity	EcPhnD N term 88 | AlaAsp Linker | cpGFP | EcPhnD 91 - end	binding
PS
2xPH(EVECTIN2)
2xPH(EVECTIN2)	Uchida Y et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011	Translocation		binding
2xPH(EVECTIN2)	Uchida Y et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011	Translocation		binding
cPLA2-C2
cPLA2-C2-GFP	Stahelin RV et al. J Biol Chem 2003	Translocation	cPLA2-C2 | EGFP	binding
Lact-C2
GFP - Lact-C2	Yeung T et al. Science 2008	Translocation	GFP | Lact C2	binding
mRFP - Lact-C2	Yeung T et al. Science 2008	Translocation	mRFP|Lact C2	binding
PKC-C2
PKCα-C2-EGFP	Stahelin RV et al. J Biol Chem 2003	Translocation	PKCα-C2 | EGFP	binding
C2-GFP	Oancea E and Meyer T Cell 1998	Translocation	PKCγ-C2 | GFP	binding
PLCdelta1-C2
PLCdelta1-C2-EGFP	Ananthanarayanan B et al. J Biol Chem 2002	Translocation	PLCdelta1-C2 | EGFP	binding
PTEN
Rluc-PTEN-YFP
Rluc-PTEN-YFP	Lima-Fernandes E et al. Nat Commun 2014	BRET	Rluc | PTEN | YFP	other	PTEN activation
PTH1R
Receptor Conformation Sensor
PTH1R-Nluc/HaloTag	Schihada H et al. Commun Biol 2018	BRET	PTH1R, NanoLuciferase, HaloTag	other
PTHR
PTHR activation sensor
PTHR-cam	Vilardaga JP et al. Nat Biotechnol 2003	FRET	PTHR 1-395 | CFP | PTHR 369-418 | YFP	binding
Pyruvate
PdhR Based
Pyronic	San Martín A et al. PLoS One 2014	FRET	mTFP | PdhR from E coli | Venus	binding
PYRATES	Bulusu V et al. Dev Cell 2017	FRET	mTurquoiseD | 4 aa linker | PdhR from E Coli | 4 aa linker | cp173 Venus	binding	variant number 41 selected - constitutively expressed in a mouse model
PyronicSF	Arce-Molina R et al. Elife 2020	Intensity	PdhR-cpGFP-PdhR	binding
Rab13
Rab13
Rab13	Ioannou MS et al. J Cell Biol 2015	FRET	Rab13	other
Rab5
Rab5 Raichu
Rab5 Raichu	Kitano M et al. Nature 2008	FRET	YFP | EEA1 | CFP | Rab5	binding
Rac1
ddFP Rac1 sensors
R-Rac1	Kim J et al. Nat Commun 2019	Intensity	ddFP-B | CRIB Pak1 || ddRFP-A | Rac1	binding
FLAIR
FLAIR	Kraynov VS et al. Science 2000	FRET	Rac|GFP + p21-activated kinase (PBD) |Alexa-546 dye	binding
FLARE
Rac1-FLARE	Machacek M et al. Nature 2009	FRET	YPet | Rac1 || Pac Binding Domain (PBD) | CyPet	phosphorylation
GDI Rac1 FLARE
GDI Rac1 FLARE	Hodgson L et al. Nat Chem Biol 2016	FRET	mCerulean | GSGS Linker | cpVenus | Rac1	binding	GDI binding to Rac1 causes a change in FRET
Rac1 Raichu
Rac1 Raichu EV	Komatsu N et al. Mol Biol Cell 2011	FRET	YPet | PAK CRIB | EV Linker | Rac1 | SECFP | K-Ras C-terminus	binding
Rac1 Raichu	Itoh RE et al. Mol Cell Biol 2002	FRET	YFP | PAK | Rac1 | CFP	binding
CRIB Raichu	Itoh RE et al. Mol Cell Biol 2002	FRET	YFP | PAK | CFP	binding	Binds both Rac1 and Cdc42
Single Chain Rac1 biosensors
Rac1-2G	Fritz RD et al. Dev Cell 2015	FRET	mTFP1 cp227 | GTP-Rac1-sensing domain from the effector PAK1 | Linker | Venus cp229 | Rac1	binding
Single-chain Rac1 Biosensor	Moshfegh Y et al. Nat Cell Biol 2014	FRET	mCerulean | PAK1 p21-binding domains (PBD) | 14 AA linker | p21-binding domains (PBD) (H83D, H86D) | mVenus | Rac1	binding
Single chain Rac1 Biosensor v2	Miskolci V et al. J Immunol 2016	FRET	mCerulean | PAK1 p21-binding domains (PBD) | 14 AA linker | p21-binding domains (PBD) (H83D, H86D) | mcp229Ven | Rac1	binding
NIR Rac1 Biosensor	Shcherbakova DM et al. Nat Chem Biol 2018	FRET	miRFP720 | PAK1 p21-binding domain (PBD) | GSGGPPGSGGSG Linker | p21-binding domain (PBD) (H83D, H86D) | 58 AA linker | miRFP670 | 10 AA linker | Rac1	binding
Rac2
Single Chain Rac2 biosensors
Single Chain Rac2 biosensor	Miskolci V et al. J Immunol 2016	FRET	mCerulean | PAK1 p21-binding domain (PBD) | 14 AA linker | p21-binding domain (PBD) (H83D, H86D) | mcp229Ven | Rac2	binding
Rac3
Single Chain Rac3 biosensors
Single Chain Rac3 biosensor	Donnelly SK et al. J Cell Biol 2017	FRET	mCerulean1 | PAK1 p21-binding domain (PBD) | 14 AA linker | p21-binding domain (PBD) (H83D, H86D) | mcp229Ven | Rac3	binding
Ral
Raichu-Ral
Raichu-RalA	Takaya A et al. Mol Biol Cell 2004	FRET	YFP | Ral | RalBP1 | CFP	binding
Raichu-RalB	Takaya A et al. Mol Biol Cell 2004	FRET	YFP | Ral | RalBP1 | CFP	binding
Ran
Ran FRET probes
YRC	Kalab P et al. Science 2002	FRET	YFP | Ran-GAP accessory factor Yrb1 | CFP	binding
YIC	Kalab P et al. Science 2002	FRET	YFP | importin β–binding domain (IBB) of importin α | CFP	binding	Monitoring Ran activity by promoting the release of importin beta cargo
Rap1
Rap1 Raichu
Rap1 Raichu	Mochizuki N et al. Nature 2001	FRET	EYFP | Rap1 | Raf RBD | ECFP | Farnesyl Moiety	binding
Rap1-FLARE
Rap1A-FLARE	O'Shaughnessy EC et al. J Cell Biol 2019	FRET	myc | RalGDS-RBD | yPet | P2A | T2A-flag | cerulean3 | Rap1A	binding	Expressed as a single mRNA and post-translationally cleaved to yield two identically-expressed chains
Rap1B-FLARE	O'Shaughnessy EC et al. J Cell Biol 2019	FRET	RalGDS-RBS | yPet | P2A | T2A-flag | cerulean3 | Rap1B	binding	Expressed as single chain and post-translationally cleaved to yield two chains
Ras
ddFP Ras Biosensor
G-KRas	Kim J et al. Nat Commun 2019	Intensity	ddFP-B | RBD (Raf1) || ddGFP-A | KRas	binding
R-KRas	Kim J et al. Nat Commun 2019	Intensity	ddFP-B | RBD (Raf1) || ddRFP-A | KRas	binding
DORA Ras
DORA Ras	Ng KY et al. Oncogene 2015	FRET	RasRBD (Byr2) | Cerulean3 | Venus | HRas	binding
FRas
FRas	Yasuda R et al. Nat Neurosci 2006	FLIM	mEGFP | HRas || mRFP | RBD (from Raf) | mRFP	binding
FRas-F	Yasuda R et al. Nat Neurosci 2006	FLIM	mEGFP | HRas || mRFP | RBD (from Raf, R59A) | mRFP	binding
FRas2-F	Oliveira AF and Yasuda R PLoS One 2013	FLIM	mEGFP | HRas || mRFP | RBD (from Raf, R59A K108A) | mRFP	binding
FRas2-M	Oliveira AF and Yasuda R PLoS One 2013	FLIM	mEGFP | HRas || mRFP | RBD (from Raf, K65E K108A) | mRFP	binding
ShadowY H-Ras Sensor	Murakoshi H and Shibata ACE Sci Rep 2017	FLIM-FRET	mEGFP | HRas || ShadowY | RBD (from Raf1)	binding	also showed it worked for Clover and Clover mutant for donor
ShadowG FRas2-M	Murakoshi H et al. Sci Rep 2015	FLIM-FRET	mEGFP | HRas || RBD (from Raf, K65E K108A) | ShadowG	binding
Ras Raichu
Ras Raichu	Mochizuki N et al. Nature 2001	FRET	EYFP | H-Ras | Raf RBD | ECFP | Farnesyl Moiety	binding
Ras Raichu EV	Komatsu N et al. Mol Biol Cell 2011	FRET	YPet | H-Ras | EV linker | Raf RBD | Turquoise-GL | K-Ras C-terminus	binding
RasAR
RasAR	Weeks R et al. J Am Chem Soc 2022	FRET	mCerulean3 | RBD (Raf1) | pseudoligand | Ypet	binding
redox status
HSP33
HSP-FRET	Waypa GB et al. Circ Res 2006	FRET	ECFP | HSP-33 | YFP	other
redox-sensitive linker
ECFP-RL-EYFP	Kolossov VL et al. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008	FRET	ECFP | Redox Linker | EYFP	other
CY-RL7	Kolossov VL et al. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011	FRET	ECFP | Redox Linker (RL) 7 | EYFP	other
RedoxFluor	Yano T et al. Mol Cell Biol 2010	FRET	Cerulean | Yap1 601-650 | Yap 601-650 | Citrine	other
roFP
roGFP1	Hanson GT et al. J Biol Chem 2004	Excitation Ratiometric	GFP (C48S, S147C, and Q204C)	other
roGFP2	Hanson GT et al. J Biol Chem 2004	Excitation Ratiometric	GFP (C48S, S65T, S147C, and Q204C)	other
roGFP1-Rx Family	Cannon MB and Remington SJ Protein Sci 2006	Excitation Ratiometric	roGFP1 with additional mutantions	other	x variants 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, most are faster than roGFP1
Grx1-roGFP2	Gutscher M et al. Nat Methods 2008	Excitation Ratiometric	Grx1 | GFP (C48S, S65T, S147C, and Q204C)	other
roGFP1-iX	Lohman JR and Remington SJ Biochemistry 2008	Excitation Ratiometric	roGFP1-147CX/H148S	other	X indicates amino acid inserted into position 147a
Grx1-roCherry	Shokhina AG et al. Redox Biol 2018	Intensity	Grx1 | SGTGGNASDGGGSGG Linker | mCherry 1-150 (A150C) | Thr | mCherry 151-end S151E/K203C	other
roKate	0	Intensity	Grx1-mKate2 (C141/C198, L12E, N21D)	other	https://vestnikrgmu.ru/files/issues/2019/1/2019-1-13_en.pdf?lang=en
rxRFP
rxRFP	Fan Y et al. Anal Chem 2015	Intensity	mutated cpmApple from R-GECO1	other	has pH dependence
rxRFP1.X Sensitivity series	Fan Y and Ai HW Anal Bioanal Chem 2016	Intensity	rxRFP1.0 with C262X mutations	other
TrxRFP1	Fan Y et al. Nat Chem Biol 2017	Intensity	Trx1 (C62S,C69S,C73S) | 30-aa GS-rich linker | rxRFP1 (G172S, C217Y, D228G, C397S,V399Q)	other	Redox of Trx1 specificity
rxYFP
rxYFP^149_202	Ostergaard H et al. EMBO J 2001	Intensity	YFP (N149C S202C)	other
rxYFP-Grx1p	Björnberg O et al. Biochemistry 2006	Intensity	YFP (N149C S202C) | Grx1p	other
Rho
GBD
dimericTomato-2xrGBD	Mahlandt EK et al. J Cell Sci 2021	Translocation	dimericTomato | rGBD | rGBD	binding
RhoA
GDI-RhoA FLARE
GDI-RhoA FLARE	Hodgson L et al. Nat Chem Biol 2016	FRET	mCerulean | GSGS linker| cpVenus | RhoA	binding	GDI binding to RhoA causes a change in FRET
RhoA FLARE
RhoA FLARE | RhoA1G	Pertz O et al. Nature 2006	FRET	RhoA RBD (from Rhotekin) | CFP | Citrine | RhoA	binding
RhoA2G	Fritz RD et al. Sci Signal 2013	FRET	mTFP1 | RhoA RBD (from Rhotekin) | Venus | RhoA	binding
RhoA DORA	van Unen J et al. Sci Rep 2015	FRET	cpPKN1 | cpVenus | L9Hx3 Linker | Cerulean | RhoA	binding
bimolecular RhoA Biosensor	Machacek M et al. Nature 2009	FRET	Rhotekin RBD | CyPet || YPet | RhoA	binding
RhoA FRET
RhoA FRET (mRuby2/mCherry (I202Y))	Nakahata Y et al. Sci Rep 2016	FLIM-FRET	mCherry (I202Y) (dark) | RhoA Binding Domain from Rhotekin|| mRuby2 | RhoA	binding	single color red
RhoA-FRET	Murakoshi H et al. Nature 2011	FLIM-FRET	mEGFP | RhoA || mCherry | Rhotekin (8-89) | mCherry	binding
RhoA-CyRM	Laviv T et al. Nat Methods 2016	FLIM-FRET	mCyRFP1 | RhoA || mMaroon1 | Rhotekin | mMaroon1	binding
RhoA Raichu
RhoA Raichu	Yoshizaki H et al. J Cell Biol 2003	FRET	YFP | PKN | RhoA | CFP	binding
RBD Raichu	Nakamura T et al. Methods Enzymol 2006	FRET	YFP | Rhotekin | CFP	binding
RhoA Raichu CR	Lam AJ et al. Nat Methods 2012	FRET	Clover | PKN | RhoA | mRuby2	binding
RhoB
DORA RhoB
RhoB FRET Sensor	Reinhard NR et al. Sci Rep 2016	FRET	cpPKN1 | mVenus | L9Hx3 Linker | Cerulean3 | RhoB	binding
RhoC
DORA RhoC
RhoC FRET Sensor	Reinhard NR et al. Sci Rep 2016	FRET	cpPKN1 | mVenus | L9Hx3 Linker | Cerulean3 | RhoC
RhoC FLARE
RhoC FLARE	Zawistowski JS et al. PLoS One 2013	FRET	RhoC RBD (from ROCK1) | mCerulean | mVenus | RhoC	binding
RhoQ
TC10 Raichu
TC10 Raichu	Kawase K et al. Dev Cell 2006	FRET	YFP | POSH | TC10 | CFP	binding
ribose
FLIPrib
FLIPrib-Y	Lager I et al. FEBS Lett 2003	FRET	CFP | Ribose Binding Protein (RBP) | YFP	binding	Y = ribose afffinity
ROCK
Eevee-ROCK
Eevee-ROCK	Li C et al. Cell Struct Funct 2017	FRET	YPet | FHA1 | EV-linker | ROCK substrate peptide | ECFP	phosphorylation
ROS
pHaROS
pHaROS-red	Zhao H et al. J Biol Chem 2019	Excitation Ratiometric	iLOV domain | pHRed	other	ratio of green and red fluroescence intensities upon excitation by 488 or 561nm
GRX1-pHaROS	Zhao H et al. J Biol Chem 2019	Excitation Ratiometric	GRX1 protein | iLOV domain | meBFP	other	ratio of green and red fluroescence intensities upon excitation by 488 or 561nm
pHaROS
pHaROS	Zhao H et al. J Biol Chem 2019	Excitation Ratiometric	iLOV domain | mBeRFP	other	ratio of green and red fluroescence intensities upon excitation by 488 or 561nm
RRas
RRas Raichu
RRas Raichu	Takaya A et al. Mol Biol Cell 2007	FRET	YFP | Rras | RalGDS | CFP	binding
RSK
Eevee-RSK
Eevee-RSK	Komatsu N et al. Mol Biol Cell 2011	FRET	YPET | FHA1 | EV linker | RSK substrate | ECFP | NES	phosphorylation
RTK
Picchu
Picchu	Kurokawa K et al. J Biol Chem 2001	FRET	YFP | CrkII SH2| CrkII SH3 | CFP	phosphorylation	Showed response to Abl and EGFR
PicchuEV	Komatsu N et al. Mol Biol Cell 2011	FRET	YPet | CrkII SH2| CrkII SH3 | EV Linker | CrkII substrate | ECFP	phosphorylation	Responds to both Abl and EGFR
S Phase
S Phase Biosensor
S Phase Biosensor	Hahn AT et al. Cell Cycle 2009	Translocation	NLS|EYFP|linker|proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)	other
PCNA-mRuby	Zerjatke T et al. Cell Rep 2017	Intensity	mRuby inserted into first exon of one allele of PCNA	other
S6K
Eevee-S6K
Eevee-S6K	Komatsu N et al. Mol Biol Cell 2011	FRET	YPET | FHA1 | EV linker | S6K substrate | Turq. | NES	phosphorylation
SAP3K
SAP3K
SAP3K	Tomida T et al. Mol Cell Biol 2009	FRET	Venus | FHA1 | MKK6 ?N | DVD | SECFP	phosphorylation
SnRK2.6/OST1
SNACS
SNACS	Zhang L et al. Elife 2020	FRET	YPet | 14-3-3 | EV linker | AKS1(1-48) | Turquoise GL	phosphorylation	244 amino acid EV linker.
Src
Src Indicator
Src Indicator	Ting AY et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001	FRET	CFP | SH2 (from Src) | Linker | Src Substrate | YFP	phosphorylation	also responds to Abl Lck and EGFR
Src Reporter	Wang Y et al. Nature 2005	FRET	ECFP (1-227) | SH2 (from c-Src) | Linker | Src Substrate | EYFP	phosphorylation	More specific for Src
Src Reporter (ECFP/YPet)	Ouyang M et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008	FRET	ECFP (1-227) | SH2 (from c-Src) | Linker | Src Substrate | YPet	phosphorylation
YO-Src1.0	Su T et al. Biosens Bioelectron 2012	FRET	cpmVenus | SH2 (from c-Src) | Linker | Src Substrate | mKOkappa	phosphorylation
BG-Src1.0	Su T et al. Biosens Bioelectron 2013	FRET	mTagBFP | SH2 (from c-Src) | Linker | Src Substrate | sfGFP	phosphorylation
TsStagSrcAR	Mo GCH et al. Nat Commun 2020	FRET	T-sapphire | SH2 | Src substrate | stagRFP	phosphorylation
Srcus
Srcus	Hitosugi T et al. J Biol Chem 2007	FRET	CFP | Src Substrate | Linker | SH2 | YFP | NES	phosphorylation
sterol
mCherry-D4H
mCherry-D4H	Marek M et al. J Cell Biol 2020	Localization	mCherry | D4H	binding
sucrose
FLIPsuc
FLIPsuc-Y	Lager I et al. J Biol Chem 2006	FRET	eCFP | AtThuE disaccharide binding protein | eYFP	binding	Y = sucrose affinity, also shows affinity for trehalose (see PMID 26214383)
superoxide
mt-cpYFP
mt-cpYFP	Wang W et al. Cell 2008	Intensity	C oxidase subunit IV (COX IV) | cpYFP	other	Controversial! May just be sensing pH changes, see Lukyanov and Belousov BBA 2014.
Temperature
ELP
ELP-TEMP	Vu CQ et al. Sci Rep 2021	FRET	mTurquoise2, temperature responsive elastin-like polypeptide, mVenus	other
gTEMP
gTEMP	Nakano M et al. PLoS One 2017	Ratiometric	Sirius || mT-Sapphire
B-gTEMP	Lu K et al. Nano Lett 2022	Ratiometric	mNeongreen || tdTomato
mRFP
mRFP1	Deepankumar K et al. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 2015	Intensity	mRFP1	other	variants mRFP-P62A and mRFP-P36A[(4R)-FP] exhibiting variable temperature sensitivities
tsGFP
tsGFP1	Kiyonaka S et al. Nat Methods 2013	Intensity	tandem coiled coil structures of Salmonello thermosensing protein TipA (94-257) | GFP | TipA (94-257)	other
tsGFP2	Kiyonaka S et al. Nat Methods 2013	Intensity	tandem coiled coil structures of Salmonello thermosensing protein TipA (1-371) | GFP | TipA (1-371)	other
TEV
Flip-GFP
ZipGFP	To TL et al. Cell Chem Biol 2016	Intensity	K5|GFP-11|TEV cleavage|E5||K5|GFP 1-10|TEV cleavage|E5	other
FlipGFP (TEV cleavage sequence)	Zhang Q et al. J Am Chem Soc 2019	Intensity	Beta-10|E5|Beta-11|TEV cleavage|K5||Beta 1-9	other
Trehalose
FLIP
FLIPSuc90μ∆1Venus	Kikuta S et al. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016	FRET	eCFP | AtThuE disaccharide binding protein | Venus	binding	Binds both Sucrose and Trehalose
TrkB
TrkB-PLC interaction
TrkB Sensor	Harward SC et al. Nature 2016	FLIM-FRET	mEGFP | TrkB || mRFP1 | SH2 domain of PLC(gamma)1 659-769 | mRFP1	phosphorylation
Trp
FLIPW
FLIPW	Kaper T et al. PLoS Biol 2007	FRET	eCFP | TrpR a | Venus | TrpR b	binding
GRIT
GRIT	Tao R et al. Cell Discov 2023	Ratiometric	TrpR | cpYFP	binding
Ubiquitination
REACh-Ubiquitin
REACh-Ubiquitin	Ganesan S et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006	Intensity	GFP | PEST (enriched in proline, glutamic acid, serine, and threonine) ubiquitination substrate || REACh2 | ubiquitin	other	REACh2 is a dark FRET acceptor making this a single color donor quenching readout
V+
ArcLight Species Variants
Frog Q174 ArcLight	Han Z et al. PLoS One 2013	Intensity	Frog VSP ortholog Q174 | super ecliptic pHluorin A227D	other
Chicken Q175 ArcLight	Han Z et al. PLoS One 2013	Intensity	Chicken VSP ortholog Q175 | super ecliptic pHluorin A227D	other
Zebrafish Q175 ArcLight	Han Z et al. PLoS One 2013	Intensity	Zebrafish VSP ortholog Q175 | super ecliptic pHluorin A227D	other
Human Q193 ArcLight	Han Z et al. PLoS One 2013	Intensity	Human VSP ortholog Q193 | super ecliptic pHluorin A227D	other
Ci-VSP based sensors
VSFP2.3	Lundby A et al. Eur Biophys J 2010	FRET	Ci-VSP|CFP|YFP	other
Mermaid	Tsutsui H et al. Nat Methods 2008	FRET	VSD of Ci-VSP | mUKG | mKOkappa	other
ArcLight A242	Jin L et al. Neuron 2012	Intensity	CiVSP | super ecliptic pHluorin (A227D) A242	other
Bongwoori	Piao HH et al. J Neurosci 2015	Intensity	CiVSD (A154D/R217Q/R229I) | optimized linker | Super Ecliptic pHlorin	other
ASAP1	St-Pierre F et al. Nat Neurosci 2014	Intensity	GsVSD (S1-S3) | cpGFP | S4	other	Chicken variant
ArcLightning	Treger JS et al. Elife 2015	Intensity	Ci-VSP (I126F,Q217R) | ecliptic pHluroin A227D	other	Faster than ArcLight
Mermaid2	Tsutsui H et al. J Physiol 2013	FRET	CiVSP N-term chain | seCFP | CiVSP S1-S4 | YFP	other
VSFP Butterfly 1.2	Akemann W et al. J Neurophysiol 2012	FRET	Kir2.1 inward rectifier potassium channel Golgi export motif | mKate2 | Ci-VSP (delta1-69) | mCitrine	other
VSFP2.1	Dimitrov D et al. PLoS One 2007	FRET	Ci-VSP R217Q | Cerulean | Citrine	other
VSFP2.4	Mutoh H et al. PLoS One 2009	FRET	Ci-VSP VSD | mCitrine | mKate2	other
Nabi2.213	Sung U et al. PLoS One 2015	FRET	CiVSD(1-95) | Clover | CiVSD (96-245) | mRuby2	other
ElectricPk	Barnett L et al. PLoS One 2012	Intensity	CiVSP | cpGFP	other
FlicR1	Abdelfattah AS et al. J Neurosci 2016	Intensity	Ci-VSD | cpmApple	other
VSFP2.42	Akemann W et al. Nat Methods 2010	FRET	Ci-VSP VSD | mCitrine with improved linker | mKate2	other
VSFP3.1	Lundby A et al. PLoS One 2008	Intensity	Ci-VSP|CFP	other
VSD-FR189-188	Kost LA et al. PLoS One 2017	Intensity	cpFusionRed 189| Ci-VSP (delta1-69) | cpFusionRed 188	other	Low sensitivity
Marina	Platisa J et al. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017	Intensity	CiVSP | super ecliptic pHluorin A389 A390 V442	other	Positive biosensor
VSFP-CR	Lam AJ et al. Nat Methods 2012	FRET	Ci-VSP|Clover|mRuby2	other
tdFlicR1 delta 110AR	Abdelfattah AS et al. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016	Intensity	Ci-VSD | linker | cpmApple | AR linker | Ci-VSD delta 1-113	other
tdFlicR-VK-ASAP	Abdelfattah AS et al. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016	Ratiometric	Ci-VSD | linker | cpmApple | VK Linker | GsVSD (S1-S3) | cpGFP | S4	other
FlicGR1	Abdelfattah AS et al. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016	Intensity	CiVSD | Linker | cpmMaple	other	photoconvertable from green to red both intensities sensitive to voltage
LOTUS-V	Inagaki S et al. Sci Rep 2017	BRET	Ci-VSD R217Q 1-103 | Venus | Ci-VSD R217Q 104-end | NanoLuc	other
ASAP2f	Yang HH et al. Cell 2016	Intensity	GsVSD (S1-S3) A147S ?A148 | cpGFP | S4	other
Chimera Cx	Mishina Y et al. Biophys J 2012	FRET	Ci-VSP partial | Kv3.1 homologus remainder |Cerulean | Citrine	other	Ci-VSP chimera with Kv3.1
Chimeric VSFP-Butterfly CY	Mishina Y et al. Front Mol Neurosci 2014	FRET	mCitrine | Ci-VSP/Kv3.1 Chimera | mCerulean	other
Chimeric VSFP-Butterfly YR	Mishina Y et al. Front Mol Neurosci 2014	FRET	mKate2 | Ci-VSP/Kv3.1 Chimera | mCitrine	other
ASAP3	Villette V et al. Cell 2019	Intensity	GsVSD (S1-S3) | cpGFP | S4	other	Mutations on ASAP2: L146G | S147T | N149R | S150G | H151D | R414Q
ASAP4e	Evans SW et al. Nat Methods 2023	Intensity	ASAP4.2 F413G/M variant | GFP	other
ASAP4b	Evans SW et al. Nat Methods 2023	Intensity	ASAP4.2 F413X variant | GFP	other
nirButterfly	Monakhov MV et al. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020	FRET	miRFP670 | Butterfly | miRFP720	other
Red-GEVIs	Kost LA et al. Sensors (Basel) 2019	Intensity	VSD variants	other
Danio VSP based sensor
Zahra 2	Baker BJ et al. J Neurosci Methods 2012	FRET	zebrafish R153Q/I165R VSP | Cerulean | Citrine	other
Zahra 1	Baker BJ et al. J Neurosci Methods 2012	FRET	zebrafish R153Q VSP | Cerulean | Citrine	other
Zahra 1 SE (227D) series	Jung A et al. Neurophotonics 2015	Intensity	zebrafish R153Q VSP | Super Ecliptic A227D	other	Several insertion variants that affect the magnitude of the response
Zahara 2 SE (227D)	Jung A et al. Neurophotonics 2015	Intensity	zebrafish R153Q/I165R VSP | Super Ecliptic A227D	other
Kv Based V sensors
FlaSh	Siegel MS and Isacoff EY Neuron 1997	Intensity	Shaker K+ channel (W434F) (to 6th TM segment)| GFP (delta 233-238)| Shaker K+ channel c terminus	other
VSFP1	Sakai R et al. Eur J Neurosci 2001	FRET	Kv2.1 Potassium channel (S1-S4) | CFP | YFP	other
FlaSh IR	Guerrero G et al. Biophys J 2002	Intensity	Shaker K+ channel (delta 6-46) (to 6th TM segment)| GFP (delta 233-238)| Shaker K+ channel c terminus	other
FlaSh L366A	Guerrero G et al. Biophys J 2002	Intensity	Shaker K+ channel (delta 6-46 L366A) (to 6th TM segment)| GFP (delta 233-238)| Shaker K+ channel c terminus	other	"Low Threshold"
FlaSH (CFP) + FlaSh (YFP)	Guerrero G et al. Biophys J 2002	FRET	Shaker K+ channel (to 6th TM segment)|CFP || YFP | Shaker K+ channel c terminus	other
Na Channel based V Sensors
SPARC	Ataka K and Pieribone VA Biophys J 2002	Intensity	rat ?I skeletal sodium channel L850 | GFP | S851 rat ?I skeletal sodium channel	other
Nematostella VSP based sensors
Nema	Baker BJ et al. J Neurosci Methods 2012	FRET	N. vectensis VSP 1-705 | Cerulean | Citrine	other	poor signal
rhodopsin based V sensors
FRET-opsin Mac-mCitrine	Gong Y et al. Nat Commun 2014	Intensity	Mac| Linker | mCitrine	other
FRET-opsin Ace2N-mNeon	Gong Y et al. Science 2015	Intensity	Ace (2N) | Linker | mNeon	other
FRET-opsin Ace1Q-mNeon	Gong Y et al. Science 2015	Intensity	Ace (1Q) | Linker | mNeon	other
eFRET GEVI	Zou P et al. Nat Commun 2014	FRET	QuasAr2|FP|TS|ER	other
Arch(D95N)	Kralj JM et al. Nat Methods 2011	Intensity	Archaerhodopsin 3	other
Archer1	Flytzanis NC et al. Nat Commun 2014	Intensity	Archaerhodopsin 3 (D95E T99C)	other
QuasAr1	Hochbaum DR et al. Nat Methods 2014	Intensity	Archaerhodopsin 3 (P60S, T80S, D95H, D106H F161V)	other
QuasAr2	Hochbaum DR et al. Nat Methods 2014	Intensity	Archaerhodopsin 3 (P60S, T80S, D95Q, D106H F161V)	other
PROPS	Kralj JM et al. Science 2011	Intensity	Green-absorbing proteorhodopsin (GPR) (D97N)	other	For use in bacteria
Arch-EEx variants	Gong Y et al. PLoS One 2013	Intensity	Archaerhodopsin 3 D95x, D106E	other	tested Q and N for x
Archon1	Piatkevich KD et al. Nat Chem Biol 2018	Intensity	Archaerhodopsin 3 T20S/G41A/V44E/P60S/S80P/D88N/D95Q/D106H/A137T/F161V/ T184I/L199I/G242Q	other
Archon2	Piatkevich KD et al. Nat Chem Biol 2018	Intensity	Archaerhodopsin 3 T56P/P60S/S80P/D95H/T100S/T118I/F162V/ T184I/L199I/A227C	other
VARNAM	Kannan M et al. Nat Methods 2018	Intensity	Acetabularia Rhodopsin II (Ace) N81S| WR linker | mRuby3	other	Red voltage sensor
Positron	Abdelfattah AS et al. Nat Commun 2020	FRET	Halo Tag	other	Voltron harboring N81D, D92N, and E199V mutations
Voltron	Abdelfattah AS et al. Science 2019	Intensity	HaloTag	other
vArch1.0	Yang HH and St-Pierre F J Neurosci 2016	Ratiometric	Arch | mOrange2	other
MacQ-mCitrine	Gong Y et al. Nat Commun 2014	Intensity	Mac D139Q | mCitrine	other
MacQ-mOrange2	Gong Y et al. Nat Commun 2014	Intensity	Mac D139Q | mOrange2	other
QuasAR6a	Tian H et al. Nat Methods 2023	Intensity	Archon1 variant 6a | TS | Dark Citrine | TS | TS | TS | ER2	other
QuasAr6b	Tian H et al. Nat Methods 2023	Intensity	Archon1 variant 6b| TS | Dark Citrine | TS | TS | TS | ER2	other
VEGF
BRET VEGF biosensor
BRET VEGF biosensor	Wimmer T et al. Biosens Bioelectron 2016	BRET	RLuc8 | Ranibizumab VEGF binding domain | GFP2	binding	Published more as an in vitro assay, not necessarily for measuring directly in cells?
ZAP-70
ROZA
ROZA	Randriamampita C et al. PLoS One 2008	FRET	PM targeting by N-terminal p56 Lck | mCFP | Grb2 (56-152) | ZAP-70 substrate from LAT | mYFP	phosphorylation
saFRET
ZAP70-saFRET	Liu L et al. Nat Commun 2021	FRET	ECFP | SH2 | linker | substrate (LATY191) | Ypet | EV linker | ZAP70 kinase domain	phosphorylation
Zn2+
Atox1 WD4 Based Zn2+ Probes
CFP-Atox1 + WD4-YFP	van Dongen EM et al. J Am Chem Soc 2006	FRET	CFP | Atox1 || WD4 | YFP	binding
CALWY	van Dongen EM et al. J Am Chem Soc 2007	FRET	CFP | Atox1 |(GGSGGS)x2 5 or 9 Linker| WD4 | YFP	binding	Different linker length repeats result in tune-able dynamic range and affinity (not independently)
eCALWY series	Vinkenborg JL et al. Nat Methods 2009	FRET	Cerulean (S208F, V224L) | Atox1 |Linker | WD4 | Citrine (S208F, V224L)	binding	6 different affinity variants
redCALWY	Lindenburg LH et al. ACS Chem Biol 2013	FRET	mOrange2 (R125I)| Atox1 |Linker | WD4 | mCherry (R125I)	binding
BLCALWY-1	Aper SJ et al. ACS Chem Biol 2016	BRET	NLuc | GSGSG Linker | Cerulean (S208F, V224L) | Atox1 |Linker | WD4 | Citrine (S208F, V224L)	binding	Small Dynamic. RangeBRET between NLuc and Cer then FRET between Cer and Citrine
GZnP
GZnP1	Qin Y et al. ACS Chem Biol 2016	Intensity	ZF1 from Zap1 | LPKNN linker | cpGFP from GGECO1 S165R, N240T, Y174N | LE Linker | ZF2 from Zap1 F18K, Q33T	binding
GZnP2	Fudge DH et al. ACS Chem Biol 2018	Intensity	Random mutagenisis in the linkers of GZnP1 (result unspecified)	binding	Could possibly be used as a ratiometric probe with attached mCherry
GZnP3	Minckley TF et al. Nat Commun 2019	Intensity		binding	11-fold dynamic range, Kd = 1.3 nM, 488 nm excitation / 512 nm emission
Minimal Zinc Finger Based Zn Probes
Cys2Hys2 - Zn2+ Sensor	Dittmer PJ et al. J Biol Chem 2009	FRET	CFP | wild type zinc finger (Cys2His2) | Citrine	binding	AKA ZifCY1
His4-Zn2+ sensor	Dittmer PJ et al. J Biol Chem 2009	FRET	CFP | mutant zinc finger (His4) | Citrine	binding
mito-ZifCY1.173	Park JG et al. ACS Chem Biol 2012	FRET	Mitochondrial targeting sequence | truncated eCFP | wild type zinc finger (Cys2His2) | cpVenus 173	binding
ZifCV1.173	Slocum JD et al. J Phys Chem B 2019	Ratiometric	ECFP|Zif268|cpVenus	binding
ZnGreen2	Chen Z and Ai HW Anal Chem 2016	Intensity	Zinc Hook|cpmTFP|Zinc Hook	binding
ZIBG2	Chen M et al. Anal Chem 2019	Intensity	Zinc Hook|cpGFP|Zinc Hook	binding
FRISZ	Wu T et al. Sci Adv 2023	Intensity	Zinc Hook|cpmMaroon|Zinc Hook	binding
Zap1 Based Zn Probes
ZF1/2-FRET	Qiao W et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006	FRET	eCFP | Zap1 Zinc Finger 1 | Zap1 Zinc Finger 2 | eYFP	binding
ZapCY1	Qin Y et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011	FRET	eCFP (truncated) | Zap1 Zinc Finger 1 | Zap1 Zinc Finger 2 | Citrine	binding
ZapCY2	Qin Y et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011	FRET	eCFP (truncated) | Zap1 Zinc Finger 1 (C581H) | Zap1 Zinc Finger 2 (C618H)| Citrine	binding	Higher EC50 than ZapCY1
ZapCV2	Fiedler BL et al. Anal Chem 2017	FRET	eCFP (truncated) | Zap1 Zinc Finger 1 | Zap1 Zinc Finger 2 | cp173Venus	binding
ZapCV5	Fiedler BL et al. Anal Chem 2017	FRET	eCFP (truncated) | Zap1 Zinc Finger 1 (C586H) | Zap1 Zinc Finger 2 (C623H)| cp173Venus	binding	Lower Zn Affinity than ZapCV2 (higher EC50)
ZnGreen1	Chen Z and Ai HW Anal Chem 2016	Intensity	mTFP-N|Zap1|mTFP-C	binding
ZIBG1	Chen M et al. Anal Chem 2019	Intensity	GFP-N|Zap1|GFP-C	binding
RZnP1	Dischler AM et al. ACS Sens 2022	Intensity	ZF1|cpmApple|ZF2	binding
ZinCh
ZinCh-x	Evers TH et al. J Mol Biol 2007	FRET	ECFP (Y39H,S208C) | (GGSGGS)x | EYFP (Y39H,S208C)	binding	x indicates linker repeats (1-9)
Cly9-2His	Evers TH et al. Protein Eng Des Sel 2008	FRET	His Tag | ECFP (Y39H,S208C) | (GGSGGS)x | EYFP (Y39H,S208C) | His Tag	binding
eZinCh-1	Vinkenborg JL et al. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011	FRET	Cerulean (Y39H,S208C) | (GGSGGS)x9 | Citrine (Y39H,S208C)	binding	Also binds Cd2+
eZinCh-2	Hessels AM et al. ACS Chem Biol 2015	FRET	Cerulean (206H,208C) | (GGSGGS)x9 | Citrine (206H,208C)	binding
BLZinCh-2	Aper SJ et al. ACS Chem Biol 2016	BRET	NLuc | GGSGGS Linker | Cerulean (206H,208C) | (GGSGGS)x9 | Citrine (206H,208C)	binding	BRET between NLuc and Cer then FRET between Cer and Cit
BLZinCh-3	Aper SJ et al. ACS Chem Biol 2016	BRET	NLuc | GGSGGS Linker | Cerulean (W66G,206H,208C) | (GGSGGS)x9 | Citrine (206H,208C)	binding	Dark Cerulean. Direct BRET between NLuc and Citrine